Der Hippokampus

Zusammenfassung

Die paarige Struktur Hippokampus ist für das Gedächtnis und im weiteren Sinne für das „Menschsein” von elementarer Bedeutung, seine In-vivo-Untersuchung erfolgt heute mit einer hochaufgelösten, „anatomisch orientierten” MR-Tomographie. Wichtigste Sequenzen sind koronare, 2 oder 3 mm dicke T2w oder FLAIR-TSE-Aufnahmen, die senkrecht zur Längsachse des Hippokampus verlaufen. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden diagnostische „pitfalls” und Befunde bei den häufigsten Hippokampuserkrankungen dargestellt.

Abstract

The twin structure of the hippocampus is a vital importance for memory and “human being”, it is in vivo examined by anatomically oriented, high-resolution MRI. Important MR sequences are coronal, 2 or 3 mm thick, T2-weighted or Flair fast spin echo sequences which are set at an angle perpendicular to the length axis of the hippocampus. This review article focuses on diagnostic pitfalls and illustrates MR imaging findings of the most common diseases.

Hippocampus; Memory; Epilepsy; MRI; Hippocampal sclerosis; Ammon’s horn sclerosis

Literatur

• 1 Lewis F T. The significance of the term hippocampus.  J Comp Neurol. 1923;  35 213
• 2 Urbach H. Imaging of the epilepsies.  Eur Radiol. 2005;  15 494-500
• 3 Träber F, Block W, Layer G, Bräucker G, Kretzer S, Hasan I, Schild H H. Determination of ¹H relaxation times of water in human bone marrow by fat-suppressed Turbo Spin Echo in comparison to MR spectroscopic methods.  J Magn Reson Imag. 1996;  6 541-548
• 4 Von Oertzen J, Urbach H, Blumcke I. et al . Time-efficient relaxometry of the entire hippocampus is feasible in temporal lobe epilepsy.  Neurology. 2002;  58 257-264
• 5 Baulac M, De Grissac N, Hasboun D. et al . Hippocampal developmental changes in patients with partial epilepsy: magnetic resonance imaging and clinical aspects.  Ann Neurol. 1998;  44 223
• 6 Bernasconi N, Kinay D, Andermann F, Antel S, Bernasconi A. Analysis of shape and positioning of the hippocampal formation: an MRI study in patients with partial epilepsy and healthy controls. et al. Shape analysis in malformations of cortical development.  Brain. 2005;  128 2442-2452
• 7 Blümcke I, Thom M, Wiestler O D. Ammon’s horn sclerosis: a maldevelopmental disorder associated with temporal lobe epilepsy.  Brain Pathol. 2002;  12 199-211
• 8 Cendes F. Febrile seizures and mesial temporal sclerosis.  Curr Opin Neurol. 2004;  17 161-164
• 9 Kobayashi E, Li M L, Lopes-Cendes I, Cendes F. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of hippocampal sclerosis in asymptomatic first-degree relatives of patients with familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.  Arch Neurol. 2002;  59 1891-1894
• 10 Graus F, Delattre J Y, Antoine J C. et al . Recommended diagnostic criteria for paraneoplastic neurological syndromes.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;  75 1135-1140
• 11 Urbach H, Soeder B M, Jeub M, Klockgether T, Meyer B, Bien C G. Serial MRI of limbic encephalitis.  Neuroradiology. 2006;  48 380-386
• 12 Urbach H, Hattingen J, von Oertzen J. et al . MRI in the presurgical evaluation of patients with drug-resistant epilepsies.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;  25 919-926
• 13 Vincent A, Buckley C, Schott J M. et al . Potassium channel antibody-associated encephalopathy: a potentially immunotherapy-responsive form of limbic encephalitis.  Brain. 2004;  127 701-712
• 14 Söder B M, Urbach H, Elger C E, Bien C G, Beyenburg S. VGKC-antibody-associated limbic encephalitis.  Nervenarzt. 2005;  76 760-762
• 15 Wyler A R, Hermann B P, Somes G. Extent of medial temporal resection on outcome from anterior temporal lobectomy: a randomized prospective study.  Neurosurgery. 1995;  37 982-991
• 16 Hirsai T, Korogi Y, Yoshizumi Y, Shigematsu Y, Sugahara T, Takahashi M. Limbic lobe of the human brain: evaluation with turbo fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery MR imaging.  Radiology. 2000;  215 470-475
• 17 Oppenheim C, Dormont D, Biondi A. et al . Loss of digitations of the hippocampal head on high-resolution fast spin-echo MR: a sign of mesial temporal sclerosis.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;  19 457-463
• 18 Chan S, Erikson J, Yoon S. Limbic system abnormalities associated with mesial temporal sclerosis: a model of chronic cerebral changes due to seizures.  Radiographics. 1997;  17 1095-1110
• 19 Insausti R, Juottonen K, Soininen H. et al . MR volumetric analysis of the human entorhinal, perirhinal, and temporopolar cortices.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;  19(4) 659-671
• 20 Mitchell L A, Coleman L T, Mandelstam S A, Jackson G D. Anterior temporal changes on MR Images of Children with Hippocampal Sclerosis: An Effect of Seizures on the Immature Brain.  Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;  24 1670-1677
• 21 Urbach H, Blümcke I, Becker A, Solymosi L. Störungen der kortikalen Entwicklung: Bildgebung und Klassifizierung.  Klin Neuroradiol. 2003;  13 163-172
• 22 Fauser S, Schulze-Bonhage A, Honegger J. et al . Focal cortical dysplasias: surgical outcome in 67 patients in relation to histological subtypes and dual pathology.  Brain. 2004;  127 2406-2418
• 23 Urbach H, Siebenhaar G, Koenig R, von Oertzen J, Scorzin J, Kurthen M, Schild H H. Limbic system abnormalities do not alter seizure outcome following amygdalohippocampectomy.  Epilepsia. 2005;  46 549-555
• 24 Urbach H, Sassen R, Soeder B M, Flacke S, Becker A, Bien C G. Serial MRI in patients with acquired hippocampal sclerosis.  Clin Neurorad. 2006;  16 47-52
• 25 Luyken C, Blümcke I, Fimmers R, Urbach H, Elger C E, Wiestler O D, Schramm J. The Spectrum of Long-term Epilepsy associated Tumors: Long-term Seizure and Tumor Outcome and Neurosurgical Aspects.  Epilepsia. 2003;  44 822-830
• 26 Sedlaczek O, Hirsch J G, Grips E, Peters C N, Gass A, Wohrle J, Hennerici M. Detection of delayed focal MR changes in the lateral hippocampus in transient global amnesia.  Neurology. 2004;  62 2165
• 27 Nakada T, Kwee I L, Fujii Y, Knigth R T. High-field, T2 reversed MRI of the hippocampus in transient global amnesia.  Neurology. 2005;  64 1170
• 28 van de Pol L A, Hensel A, Barkhof F, Gertz H J, Scheltens P, van der Flier W M. Hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer disease: age matters.  Neurology. 2006;  66 236-238
• 29 Frisoni G B, Geroldi C, Beltramello A. et al . Radial width of the temporal horn: a sensitive measure in Alzheimer disease.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.. 2002;  23 35-47
• 30 Urbach H, Klemm E, Linke D B, Behrends K, Biersack H J, Schramm J, Schild H H. Posterior cerebral artery Wada test: amobarbital distribution and functional deficits.  Neuroradiology. 2001;  43 290-294