High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation in Term and Near-Term Infants with Acute Respiratory Failure: Early Rescue Use

ABSTRACT

This study describes a high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) protocol for term and near-term infants with acute respiratory failure (ARF) and reports results of its prospective application. Neonates, with gestational age ≥ 34 weeks, were managed with HFOV, if required, on conventional ventilation (CV), a fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio ₂) 0.5, and a mean airway pressure > 10 cm H₂O to maintain adequate oxygenation or a peak inspiratory pressure > 24 cm H₂O to maintain tidal volume between 5 and 7 mL/kg of body weight. Seventy-seven infants (gestational age, 37 ± 2,3 weeks), received HFOV after a mean duration of CV of 7.5 ± 9.7 hours. Arterial blood gases, oxygenation index (OI), and alveolar-arterial difference in partial pressure of oxygen (Pao ₂ - Pao ₂) were recorded prospectively before and during HFOV. There were a rapid and sustained decreases in mean airway pressure (MAP), Fio ₂, OI, and Pao ₂ - Pao ₂ during HFOV (p ≤ 0.01). Seventy infants (91%) were weaned successfully from HFOV. Seven infants (Pao ₂ - Pao ₂ prior to HFOV, 601 ± 89 mm Hg) were classified as having experienced treatment failure and died from their underlying disease. Treatment failure was associated with lack of improvement in Pao ₂ - Pao ₂ at 1 hour of HFOV (p < 0.01). Early rescue intervention with HFOV is an effective protocol for term and near-term infants with ARF. Failure to improve Pao ₂ - Pao ₂ rapidly on HFOV is associated with HFOV failure. Randomized controlled trials are needed to identify benefits of HFOV versus conventional modes of mechanical ventilation.

Mechanical ventilation - high-frequency ventilation - newborn - respiratory insufficiency

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