3 Energieumsatz und Energiezufuhr

Schlüsselwörter

Energiebedarf - Sepsis - kritisch Kranke - Intensivtherapie

Key words

energy requirements - sepsis - critically ill - intensive care

Literatur

• 1 Müller M J, Selberg O, Süttmann U, Weimann A, Kruse E R. Schätzung und Messung des Energieverbrauchs: Methoden und Stellenwert in der klinischen Diagnostik.  Intensivmed. 1992;  29 411-426
• 2 Harris J A, Benedict F G. A biometric study of basal metabolism in man. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No 279 1919
• 3 Müller M J, Bosy-Westphal A, Klaus S. et al . World Health Organization equations have shortcomings for predicting resting energy expenditure in persons from a modern, affluent population: generation of a new reference standard from a retrospective analysis of a German database of resting energy expenditure.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;  80 1379-1390
• 4 Frankenfield D C, Rowe W A, Smith J S, Cooney R N. Validation of several established equations for resting metabolic rate in obese and nonobese people.  J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;  103 1152-1159
• 5 Shetty P S, Henry C J, Black A E, Prentice A M. Energy requirements of adults: an update on basal metabolic rates (BMRs) and physical activity levels (PALs).  Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996;  50, Suppl 1 S11-S23
• 6 Behrendt W, Surmann M, Raumanns J, Giani G. How reliable are short-term measurements of oxygen uptake in polytraumatized and long-term ventilated patients?.  Infusionsther Transfusionsmed. 1991;  18 20-24
• 7 Frankenfield D C, Wiles III C E, Bagley S, Siegel J H. Relationships between resting and total energy expenditure in injured and septic patients.  Crit Care Med. 1994;  22 1796-1804
• 8 Smyrnios N A, Curley F J, Shaker K G. Accuracy of 30-minute indirect calorimetry studies in predicting 24-hour energy expenditure in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1997;  21 168-174
• 9 Swinamer D L, Phang P T, Jones R L, Grace M, King E G. Twenty-four hour energy expenditure in critically ill patients.  Crit Care Med. 1987;  15 637-643
• 10 Weissman C, Kemper M, Elwyn D H, Askanazi J, Hyman A I, Kinney J M. The energy expenditure of the mechanically ventilated critically ill patient. An analysis.  Chest. 1986;  89 254-259
• 11 Monk D N, Plank L D, Franch-Arcas G, Finn P J, Streat S J, Hill G L. Sequential changes in the metabolic response in critically injured patients during the first 25 days after blunt trauma.  Ann Surg. 1996;  223 395-405
• 12 Plank L D, Connolly A B, Hill G L. Sequential changes in the metabolic response in severely septic patients during the first 23 days after the onset of peritonitis.  Ann Surg. 1998;  228 146-158
• 13 Uehara M, Plank L D, Hill G L. Components of energy expenditure in patients with severe sepsis and major trauma: a basis for clinical care.  Crit Care Med. 1999;  27 1295-1302
• 14 Adolph M, Eckart J. Der Energiebedarf operierter, verletzter und septischer Patienten.  Infusionsther Transfusionsmed. 1990;  17 5-16
• 15 Behrendt W, Kuhlen R. Der Energieverbrauch des kritisch-kranken Patienten.  Intensiv- und Notfallbehandlung. 2000;  25 20-24
• 16 Chiolero R, Revelly J P, Tappy L. Energy metabolism in sepsis and injury.  Nutrition. 1997;  13 45S-51S
• 17 Klerk G de, Hop W C, Hoog M de, Joosten K F. Serial measurements of energy expenditure in critically ill children: useful in optimizing nutritional therapy?.  Intensive Care Med. 2002;  28 1781-1785
• 18 Khorram-Sefat R, Behrendt W, Heiden A, Hettich R. Long-term measurements of energy expenditure in severe burn injury.  World J Surg. 1999;  23 115-122
• 19 Milner E A, Cioffi W G, Mason A D, McManus W F, Pruitt Jr B A. A longitudinal study of resting energy expenditure in thermally injured patients.  J Trauma. 1994;  37 167-170
• 20 Ishibashi N, Plank L D, Sando K, Hill G L. Optimal protein requirements during the first 2 weeks after the onset of critical illness.  Crit Care Med. 1998;  26 1529-1535
• 21 Long C L, Schaffel N, Geiger J W, Schiller W R, Blakemore W S. Metabolic response to injury and illness: estimation of energy and protein needs from indirect calorimetry and nitrogen balance.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1979;  3 452-456
• 22 Plank L D, Hill G L. Sequential metabolic changes following induction of systemic inflammatory response in patients with severe sepsis or major blunt trauma.  World J Surg. 2000;  24 630-638
• 23 Plank L D, Metzger D J, McCall J L. et al . Sequential changes in the metabolic response to orthotopic liver transplantation during the first year after surgery.  Ann Surg. 2001;  234 245-255
• 24 Forsberg E, Soop M, Thorne A. Energy expenditure and outcome in patients with multiple organ failure following abdominal surgery.  Intensive Care Med. 1991;  17 403-409
• 25 Kreymann G, Grosser S, Buggisch P, Gottschall C, Matthaei S, Greten H. Oxygen consumption and resting metabolic rate in sepsis, sepsis syndrome, and septic shock.  Crit Care Med. 1993;  21 1012-1019
• 26 Heyland D K, MacDonald S, Keefe L, Drover J W. Total parenteral nutrition in the critically ill patient: a meta-analysis.  JAMA. 1998;  280 2013-2019
• 27 Berghe G van den, Wouters P, Weekers F. et al . Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients.  N Engl J Med. 2001;  345 1359-1367
• 28 Alexander J W, Gonce S J, Miskell P W, Peck M D, Sax H. A new model for studying nutrition in peritonitis. The adverse effect of overfeeding.  Ann Surg. 1989;  209 334-340
• 29 Peck M D, Alexander J W, Gonce S J, Miskell P W. Low protein diets improve survival from peritonitis in guinea pigs.  Ann Surg. 1989;  209 448-454
• 30 Krishnan J A, Parce P B, Martinez A, Diette G B, Brower R G. Caloric intake in medical ICU patients: consistency of care with guidelines and relationship to clinical outcomes.  Chest. 2003;  124 297-305
• 31 Rubinson L, Diette G B, Song X, Brower R G, Krishnan J A. Low caloric intake is associated with nosocomial bloodstream infections in patients in the medical intensive care unit.  Crit Care Med. 2004;  32 350-357

1 In der neueren englischsprachigen Literatur hat der Begriff „resting energy expenditure” den Begriff „basal energy expenditure” ersetzt.