Download PDF
Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin 2007; 32: S13-S17
DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-951863
Leitlinie Parenterale Ernährung der DGEM
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

4 Aminosäuren

J.  Stein (AG-Leiter), H.-J.  Böhles, I.  Blumenstein, C.  Goeters, R.  J.  Schulz
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
04 March 2008 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Schlüsselwörter

Aminosäuren - verzweigtkettige Aminosäuren - Dipeptide - Aminosäurenmetabolismus

Key words

amino acids - branched chain amino acids (BCAA) - dipeptide - amino acid metabolism (first pass)

  • 1 Shoveller A K, Brunton J A, Pencharz P B, Ball R O. The methionine requirement is lower in neonatal piglets fed parenterally than in those fed enterally.  J Nutr. 2003;  133 1390-1397
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Elango R, Pencharz P B, Ball R O. The branched-chain amino acid requirement of parenterally fed neonatal piglets is less than the enteral requirement.  J Nutr. 2002;  132 3123-3129
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Bertolo R F, Chen C Z, Law G, Pencharz P B, Ball R O. Threonine requirement of neonatal piglets receiving total parenteral nutrition is considerably lower than that of piglets receiving an identical diet intragastrically.  J Nutr. 1998;  128 1752-1759
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Wykes L J, Ball R O, Menendez C E, Ginther D M, Pencharz P B. Glycine, leucine, and phenylalanine flux in low-birth-weight infants during parenteral and enteral feeding.  Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;  55 971-975
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Rand W M, Pellett P L, Young V R. Meta-analysis of nitrogen balance studies for estimating protein requirements in healthy adults.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;  77 109-127
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Brunton J A, Ball R O, Pencharz P B. Current total parenteral nutrition solutions for the neonate are inadequate.  Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2000;  3 299-304
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Druml W. Nutritional management of acute renal failure.  Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;  37 S89-S94
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Meier R, Beglinger C, Layer P. et al . ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in acute pancreatitis. European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.  Clin Nutr. 2002;  21 173-183
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Dickerson R N. Estimating energy and protein requirements of thermally injured patients: art or science?.  Nutrition. 2002;  18 439-442
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Scheinkestel C D, Adams F, Mahony L. et al . Impact of increasing parenteral protein loads on amino acid levels and balance in critically ill anuric patients on continuous renal replacement therapy.  Nutrition. 2003;  19 733-740
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Scheinkestel C D, Kar L, Marshall K. et al . Prospective randomized trial to assess caloric and protein needs of critically Ill, anuric, ventilated patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy.  Nutrition. 2003;  19 909-916
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Hoffer L J. Protein and energy provision in critical illness.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;  78 906-911
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Shaw J H, Wildbore M, Wolfe R R. Whole body protein kinetics in severely septic patients. The response to glucose infusion and total parenteral nutrition.  Ann Surg. 1987;  205 288-294
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Reeds P J. Dispensable and indispensable amino acids for humans.  J Nutr. 2000;  130 1835S-1840S
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Obled C, Papet I, Breuille D. Metabolic bases of amino acid requirements in acute diseases.  Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2002;  5 189-197
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Heyland D K, Dhaliwal R, Drover J W, Gramlich L, Dodek P. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support in mechanically ventilated, critically ill adult patients.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2003;  27 355-373
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Novak F, Heyland D K, Avenell A, Drover J W, Su X. Glutamine supplementation in serious illness: a systematic review of the evidence.  Crit Care Med. 2002;  30 2022-2029
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Jacobi C A, Ordemann J, Zuckermann H, Docke W, Volk H D, Müller J M. The influence of alanyl-glutamine on immunologic functions and morbidity in postoperative total parenteral nutrition. Preliminary results of a prospective randomized trial.  Zentralbl Chir. 1999;  124 199-205
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Jian Z M, Cao J D, Zhu X G. et al . The impact of alanyl-glutamine on clinical safety, nitrogen balance, intestinal permeability, and clinical outcome in postoperative patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study of 120 patients.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1999;  23 S62-S66
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Karwowska K A, Dworacki G, Trybus M, Zeromski J, Szulc R. Influence of glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrition on nitrogen balance and immunologic status in patients undergoing elective aortic aneurysm repair.  Nutrition. 2001;  17 475-478
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Mertes N, Schulzki C, Goeters C. et al . Cost containment through L-alanyl-L-glutamine supplemented total parenteral nutrition after major abdominal surgery: a prospective randomized double-blind controlled study.  Clin Nutr. 2000;  19 395-401
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Morlion B J, Stehle P, Wachtler P. et al . Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine dipeptide after major abdominal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study.  Ann Surg. 1998;  227 302-308
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Neri A, Mariani F, Piccolomini A, Testa M, Vuolo G, Cosmo L di. Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition in major abdominal surgery.  Nutrition. 2001;  17 968-969
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 O'Riordain M G, Fearon K C, Ross J A. et al . Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition enhances T-lymphocyte response in surgical patients undergoing colorectal resection.  Ann Surg. 1994;  220 212-221
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Goeters C, Wenn A, Mertes N. et al . Parenteral L-alanyl-L-glutamine improves 6-month outcome in critically ill patients.  Crit Care Med. 2002;  30 2032-2037
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Griffiths R D, Jones C, Palmer T E. Six-month outcome of critically ill patients given glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition.  Nutrition. 1997;  13 295-302
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Powell-Tuck J, Jamieson C P, Bettany G E. et al . A double blind, randomised, controlled trial of glutamine supplementation in parenteral nutrition.  Gut. 1999;  45 82-88
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Wischmeyer P E, Lynch J, Liedel J. et al . Glutamine administration reduces Gram-negative bacteremia in severely burned patients: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial versus isonitrogenous control.  Crit Care Med. 2001;  29 2075-2080
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Ockenga J, Borchert K, Rifai K, Manns M P, Bischoff S C. Effect of glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis.  Clin Nutr. 2002;  21 409-416
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Beaux A C de, O'Riordain M G, Ross J A, Jodozi L, Carter D C, Fearon K C. Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition reduces blood mononuclear cell interleukin-8 release in severe acute pancreatitis.  Nutrition. 1998;  14 261-265
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Muscaritoli M, Grieco G, Capria S, Iori A P, Rossi F F. Nutritional and metabolic support in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;  75 183-190
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Pytlik R, Benes P, Patorkova M. et al . Standardized parenteral alanyl-glutamine dipeptide supplementation is not beneficial in autologous transplant patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study.  Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;  30 953-961
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Scheid C, Hermann K, Kremer G. et al . Randomized, double-blind, controlled study of glycyl-glutamine-dipeptide in the parenteral nutrition of patients with acute leukemia undergoing intensive chemotherapy.  Nutrition. 2004;  20 249-254
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Yu Y M, Ryan C M, Castillo L. et al . Arginine and ornithine kinetics in severely burned patients: increased rate of arginine disposal.  Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001;  280 E509-E517
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Wu G, Meininger C J, Knabe D A, Bazer F W, Rhoads J M. Arginine nutrition in development, health and disease.  Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2000;  3 59-66
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Evoy D, Lieberman M D, Fahey III T J, Daly J M. Immunonutrition: the role of arginine.  Nutrition. 1998;  14 611-617
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Neuhauser M, Bassler K H. Biological availability of glutamine from N-acetyl-L-glutamine in intravenous administration. Studies in the rat.  Infusionsther Klin Ernahr. 1986;  13 292-296
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Magnusson I, Ekman L, Wangdahl M, Wahren J. N-acetyl-L-tyrosine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine as tyrosine and cysteine precursors during intravenous infusion in humans.  Metabolism. 1989;  38 957-961
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Druml W, Lochs H, Roth E, Hubl W, Balcke P, Lenz K. Utilization of tyrosine dipeptides and acetyltyrosine in normal and uremic humans.  Am J Physiol. 1991;  260 E280-E285
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Tepel M, Giel M van der, Schwarzfeld C, Laufer U, Liermann D, Zidek W. Prevention of radiographic-contrast-agent-induced reductions in renal function by acetylcysteine.  N Engl J Med. 2000;  343 180-184
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Birck R, Krzossok S, Markowetz F, Schnulle P, Woude F J van der, Braun C. Acetylcysteine for prevention of contrast nephropathy: meta-analysis.  Lancet. 2003;  362 598-603
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Hall J C. Glycine.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1998;  22 393-398
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Prabhu R, Thomas S, Balasubramanian K A. Oral glutamine attenuates surgical manipulation-induced alterations in the intestinal brush border membrane.  J Surg Res. 2003;  115 148-156
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Weingartmann G, Fridrich P, Mauritz W. et al . Safety and efficacy of increasing dosages of glycyl-glutamine for total parenteral nutrition in polytrauma patients.  Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1996;  108 683-688
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Ziegler T R, Evans M E, Fernandez-Estivariz C, Jones D P. Trophic and cytoprotective nutrition for intestinal adaptation, mucosal repair, and barrier function.  Annu Rev Nutr. 2003;  23 229-261
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Naylor C D, O'Rourke K, Detsky A S, Baker J P. Parenteral nutrition with branched-chain amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy. A meta-analysis.  Gastroenterology. 1989;  97 1033-1042
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Freund H R, Hanani M. The metabolic role of branched-chain amino acids.  Nutrition. 2002;  18 287-288
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Fürst P. New developments in glutamine delivery.  J Nutr. 2001;  131 2562S-2568S
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Garcia-de-Lorenzo A, Ortiz-Leyba C, Planas M. et al . Parenteral administration of different amounts of branch-chain amino acids in septic patients: clinical and metabolic aspects.  Crit Care Med. 1997;  25 418-424
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Wang X Y, Li N, Gu J, Li W Q, Li J S. The effects of the formula of amino acids enriched BCAA on nutritional support in traumatic patients.  World J Gastroenterol. 2003;  9 599-602
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Cynober L. Ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate in nutritional support.  Nutrition. 1991;  7 313-322
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Coudray-Lucas C, Bever H Le, Cynober L, Bandt J P De, Carsin H. Ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate improves wound healing in severe burn patients: a prospective randomized double-blind trial versus isonitrogenous controls.  Crit Care Med. 2000;  28 1772-1776
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Hammarqvist F, Wernerman J, Decken A van der, Vinnars E. Alpha-ketoglutarate preserves protein synthesis and free glutamine in skeletal muscle after surgery.  Surgery. 1991;  109 28-36
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Wernerman J, Hammarkvist F, Ali M R, Vinnars E. Glutamine and ornithine-alpha-ketoglutarate but not branched-chain amino acids reduce the loss of muscle glutamine after surgical trauma.  Metabolism. 1989;  38 63-66
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Österreichische Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ernährungsforschung, Schweizerische Vereinigung für Ernährung (D-A-CH) .Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr. Frankfurt; Umschau Braus GmbH 2000
    Google Scholar