Achtsamkeitstraining als psychotherapeutische Interventionsmethode

Zusammenfassung

Vor dem Hintergrund der sprunghaft angestiegenen Popularität achtsamkeitsbasierter Interventionen wird dargestellt: 1. Wie Achtsamkeit definiert und konzeptualisiert werden kann, 2. Wie Achtsamkeit zurzeit psychotherapeutisch genutzt wird, 3. Wie effektiv achtsamkeitsbasierte Interventionen sind und 4. Welche Wirkmechanismen für diese Effekte verantwortlich sein könnten. Die aktuelle Befundlage spricht dafür, dass Achtsamkeit als ein multidimensionales Konstrukt gesehen werden kann, das den Kern oder zumindest eine wichtige Komponente bei einer Reihe von Interventionsformen darstellt, welche sich bei der Behandlung von unterschiedlichen Problemen und Störungsbildern als effektiv erwiesen haben. In Bezug auf die Wirkmechanismen lässt sich vermuten, dass vor allem in der Steigerung der Akzeptanz- und Toleranzkompetenzen bei den Patienten eine wichtige spezifische Wirkung dieser Ansätze gesehen werden kann. Zukünftige Forschung sollte versuchen zu klären, für welche Patienten diese Kompetenzen besonders wichtig sind, und wie man sie bei den Patienten trainieren kann, die für achtsamkeitsorientierte Ansätze weniger offen sind.

Abstract

With mindfulness-based interventions becoming increasingly popular this review outlines: 1. How mindfulness is defined and conceptualized, 2. How mindfulness is applied in psychotherapy, 3. How effective mindfulness-based interventions are and 4. How the effectiveness of these methods might be explained. Findings show that mindfulness can be seen as a multidimensional concept which is the core or an important component of several psychotherapeutical methods that have been shown to be effective in the treatment of different psychological problems and disorders. With regard to possible mechanisms of change it is argued that enhancing patients' skills to accept and tolerate aversive experiences can be seen as a specific and important effect of these approaches. Future research should try to clarify for whom these skills are particularly important, and how these skills can be taught to patients who are less open for mindfulness-based approaches.

Key words

mindfulness - psychotherapy - treatment-outcome - effectiveness - review

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