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DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-952035
Ernährungstherapie bei Patienten mit Kopf-Hals-Tumoren unter Radio-/Chemotherapie
Nutrition Support in Head and Neck Cancer Patients with Radio-/ChemotherapyPublication History
Publication Date:
03 April 2007 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Kopf-Hals-Tumoren und ihre Behandlung beeinträchtigen den Schluckakt sowie die Nahrungs- und Flüssigkeitsaufnahme und führen häufig zu Malnutrition. Mindestens ein Drittel der Patienten mit fortgeschrittenen Kopf-Hals-Tumoren haben bereits bei Diagnosestellung einen Gewichtsverlust von > 5 %. Bei der heute in vielen Fällen angewendeten kombinierten Radio-/Chemotherapie treten Mukositis und Dysphagie bei mehr als 40 % der Behandelten auf. Ohne Ernährungstherapie kommt es zu einem Gewichtsverlust von 7 - 13 %. Frühe Ernährungsintervention hilft einen weiteren Gewichtsverlust zu verhindern, der Patient bleibt mobil und toleriert die Therapie besser. Ernährungs- oder hydratationsbedingte Hospitalisationen können vermieden und Kosten reduziert werden. Häufig mit signifikantem Gewichtsverlust assoziiert sind bzw. eine Sondenernährung erfordern: Tumorstadium III und IV, kombinierte Radiochemotherapie oder Radiotherapiedosis > 60 Gy, Tumoren des Zungengrundes und Hypopharynx/Oropharynx sowie hoher Alkoholkonsum, WHO-Aktivitätsindex bei Therabiebeginn ≥ 2. Eine wirkungsvolle Intervention beinhaltet multidisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit und ein ausführliches Ernährungsassessment, welches den aktuellen Ernährungszustand sowie die mit der geplanten Behandlung auftretenden Ernährungsprobleme feststellt. Ernährungstherapie beinhaltet die Anpassung der Konsistenz oder Anreicherung der normalen Ernährung sowie den Ernährungssupport mit oralen Trinknahrungen und die enterale Ernährung via nasogastraler Ernährungssonde oder Gastrostomie. Trotz Ernährungssonde soll die orale Ernährung möglichst beibehalten werden: Schlucken und Essen sind notwendig, um die oropharyngeale Muskulatur zu trainieren und rehabilitieren. Die Ernährungstherapie ist eine wichtige Maßnahme, damit der Patient optimal von der Tumortherapie profitieren kann.
Abstract
Head and neck cancer impairs nutrition intake and its treatment often leads to malnutrition and varied consequences for the patients. At least a third of patients with advanced head-neck malignancies have already suffered a weight loss of more than 5 % at diagnosis. With the contemporary often applied treatment of combined radiochemotherapy more than 40 % experience mucositis and dysphagia. Without nutritional support the patients experience a further weight loss of 7 - 13 % during the treatment. Early nutrition intervention may help to avoid a further weight loss, patients remain mobile, and tolerate the therapy better. Nutrition and hydration related problems, which may influence the success of the treatment, and hospitalisations might be avoied and health care costs are decreased. Situations which are often associated with significant weight loss, or with the need for tube feeding are: Tumour stage III and IV, combined radiochemotherapy or radiotherapy > 60 Gy, tumours at the base of the tongue base and hypopharynx/oropharynx, alcohol excess and WHO performance index ≥ 2. An effective intervention includes interdisciplinary cooperation, a detailed nutritional assessment, which includes actual nutritional status as well as the assumed nutrition problems which occur with the treatment. Medical nutrition therapy includes the modification of the consistency, or the enrichment of normal foods, nutrition support with oral supplements, and enteral nutrition via nasogastric tube or gastrostomy. Despite gastrostomy, oral nutrition should be maintained as long as is possible and safe. Swallowing and eating are necessary to train and rehabilitate the oropharyngeal muscles. Nutrition intervention is an important measure to ensure optimal results for the patient during and after treatment.
Schlüsselwörter
Kopf-Hals-Tumoren - Malnutrition - Ernährungstherapie - Ernährungssupport - multidisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit
Key words
head and neck cancer - malnutrition - medical nutrition therapy - nutrition support - multidisciplinary cooperation
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Caroline M. Weberhofer, dipl. Ernährungsberaterin, MSc
Universitätsspital Basel
Spitalstraße 26
4031 Basel, Schweiz
Phone: + 41 61 265 85 86
Fax: + 41 61 265 39 82
Email: cweberhofer@uhbs.ch