Abstract
The consumption of arabinoxylan, a soluble fibre fraction, has been shown to improve
glycemic control in type 2 diabetic subjects. Soluble dietary fibre may modulate gastrointestinal
or adipose tissue hormones regulating food intake. The present study investigated
the effects of arabinoxylan consumption on serum glucose, insulin, lipids, leptin,
adiponectin and resistin in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. In a randomized,
single-blind, controlled, crossover intervention trial, 11 adults consumed white bread
rolls as either placebo or supplemented with 15 g arabinoxylan for 6 weeks with a
6-week washout period. Fasting serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, unesterified
fatty acids, apolipoprotein A1 and B, adiponectin, resistin and leptin were assessed
before and after intervention. Fasting serum glucose, serum triglycerides and apolipoprotein
A-1 were significantly lower during arabinoxylan consumption compared to placebo (p=0.029,
p=0.047; p=0.029, respectively). No effects of arabinoxylan were observed for insulin,
adiponectin, leptin and resistin as well as for apolipoprotein B, and unesterified
fatty acids. In conclusion, the consumption of AX in subjects with impaired glucose
tolerance improved fasting serum glucose, and triglycerides. However, this beneficial
effect was not accompanied by changes in fasting adipokine concentrations.
Key words
Dietary fibre - arabinoxylan - adiponectin - resistin - leptin
References
1
Brennan CS.
Dietary fibre, glycaemic response, and diabetes.
Mol Nutr Food Res.
2005;
49
560-570
2
Brown L, Rosner B, Willett WW, Sacks FM.
Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fibre: a meta-analysis.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1999;
69
30-42
3
Anderson JW, Davidson MH, Blonde L, Brown WV, Howard WJ, Ginsberg H, Allgood LD, Weingand KW.
Long-term cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium as an adjunct to diet therapy in
the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2000;
71
1433-1438
4
Onning G, Wallmark A, Persson M, Akesson B, Elmstahl S, Oste R.
Consumption of oat milk for 5 weeks lowers serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in
free-living men with moderate hypercholesterolemia.
Ann Nutr Metab.
1999;
43
301-309
5
Slavin JL.
Dietary fibre and body weight.
Nutrition.
2005;
21
411-418
6
Charalampopoulos D, Wang R, Pandiella SS, Webb C.
Application of cereals and cereal components in functional foods: a review.
Int J Food Microbiol.
2002;
79
131-141
7
Lu ZX, Walker KZ, Muir JG, Mascara T, O'Dea K.
Arabinoxylan fibre, a byproduct of wheat flour processing, reduces the postprandial
glucose response in normoglycemic subjects.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2000;
71
1123-1128
8
Lu ZX, Walker KZ, Muir JG, O'Dea K.
Arabinoxylan fibre improves metabolic control in people with Type II diabetes.
Eur J Clin Nutr.
2004;
58
621-628
9
Lu ZX, Walker KZ, Muir JG, Mascara T, O'Dea K.
Arabinoxylan fibre, a byproduct of wheat flour processing, reduces the postprandial
glucose response in normoglycemic subjects.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2000;
71
1123-1128
10
Mohlig M, Koebnick C, Weickert MO, Lueder W, Otto B, Steiniger J, Twilfert M, Meuser F,
Pfeiffer AF, Zunft HJ.
Arabinoxylan-enriched meal increases serum ghrelin levels in healthy humans.
Horm Metab Res.
2005;
37
303-308
11
Hallfrisch J, Facn, Behall KM.
Mechanisms of the effects of grains on insulin and glucose responses.
J Am Coll Nutr.
2000;
19
320S-325S
12
Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Leeds AR, Gassull MA, Haisman P, Dilawari J, Goff DV, Metz GL,
Alberti KG.
Dietary fibres, fibre analogues, and glucose tolerance: importance of viscosity.
Br Med J.
1978;
1
1392-1394
13
Song YJ, Sawamura M, Ikeda K, Igawa S, Yamori Y.
Soluble dietary fibre improves insulin sensitivity by increasing muscle GLUT-4 content
in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol.
2000;
27
41-45
14
Sparti A, Milon H, Di Vetta V, Schneiter P, Tappy L, Jequier E, Schutz Y.
Effect of diets high or low in unavailable and slowly digestible carbohydrates on
the pattern of 24-h substrate oxidation and feelings of hunger in humans.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2000;
72
1461-1468
15
Bourdon I, Yokoyama W, Davis P, Hudson C, Backus R, Richter D, Knuckles B, Schneeman BO.
Postprandial lipid, glucose, insulin, and cholecystokinin responses in men fed barley
pasta enriched with beta-glucan.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1999;
69
55-63
16
Cowley MA, Smart JL, Rubinstein M, Cerdan MG, Diano S, Horvath TL, Cone RD, Low MJ.
Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate
nucleus.
Nature.
2001;
411
480-484
17
Fischer S, Hanefeld M, Haffner SM, Fusch C, Schwanebeck U, Kohler C, Fucker K, Julius U.
Insulin-resistant patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have higher serum leptin
levels independently of body fat mass.
Acta Diabetol.
2002;
39
105-110
18
Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S, Hotta K, Matsuzawa Y, Pratley RE, Tataranni PA.
Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin
resistance and hyperinsulinemia.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2001;
86
1930-1935
19
Stefan N, Stumvoll M.
Adiponectin-its role in metabolism and beyond.
Horm Metab Res.
2002;
34
469-474
20
Spranger J, Kroke A, Mohlig M, Bergmann MM, Ristow M, Boeing H, Pfeiffer AF.
Adiponectin and protection against type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Lancet.
2003;
361
226-228
21
Mohlig M, Wegewitz U, Osterhoff M, Isken F, Ristow M, Pfeiffer AF, Spranger J.
Insulin decreases human adiponectin plasma levels.
Horm Metab Res.
2002;
34
655-658
22
Mantzoros CS, Li T, Manson JE, Meigs JB, Hu FB.
Circulating adiponectin levels are associated with better glycemic control, more favorable
lipid profile, and reduced inflammation in women with type 2 diabetes.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2005;
90
4542-4548
23
Herrmann BL, Berg C, Vogel E, Nowak T, Renzing-Koehler K, Mann K, Saller B.
Effects of a combination of recombinant human growth hormone with metformin on glucose
metabolism and body composition in patients with metabolic syndrome.
Horm Metab Res.
2004;
36
54-61
24
Reilly MP, Lehrke M, Wolfe ML, Rohatgi A, Lazar MA, Rader DJ.
Resistin is an inflammatory marker of atherosclerosis in humans.
Circulation.
2005;
111
932-939
25
Schaffler A, Buchler C, Muller-Ladner U, Herfarth H, Ehling A, Paul G, Scholmerich J,
Zietz B.
Identification of variables influencing resistin serum levels in patients with type
1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Horm Metab Res.
2004;
36
702-707
26
Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Stern L, Loh J, Kundu S, Jafar T, Samaha FF.
Serum resistin is not associated with obesity or insulin resistance in humans.
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci.
2005;
9
161-165
27
Romon M, Lebel P, Velly C, Marecaux N, Fruchart JC, Dallongeville J.
Leptin response to carbohydrate or fat meal and association with subsequent satiety
and energy intake.
Am J Physiol.
1999;
277
E855-E861
28
Poppitt SD, Leahy FE, Keogh GF, Wang Y, Mulvey TB, Stojkovic M, Chan YK, Choong YS,
McArdle BH, Cooper GJ.
Effect of high-fat meals and fatty acid saturation on postprandial levels of the hormones
ghrelin and leptin in healthy men.
Eur J Clin Nutr.
2006;
60
77-84
29
Groschl M, Knerr I, Topf HG, Schmid P, Rascher W, Rauh M.
Endocrine responses to the oral ingestion of a physiological dose of essential amino
acids in humans.
J Endocrinol.
2003;
179
237-244
30
Heini AF, Lara-Castro C, Schneider H, Kirk KA, Considine RV, Weinsier RL.
Effect of hydrolyzed guar fibre on fasting and postprandial satiety and satiety hormones:
a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial during controlled weight loss.
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.
1998;
22
906-909
31
Yannakoulia M, Yiannakouris N, Bluher S, Matalas AL, Klimis-Zacas D, Mantzoros CS.
Body fat mass and macronutrient intake in relation to circulating soluble leptin receptor,
free leptin index, adiponectin, and resistin concentrations in healthy humans.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2003;
88
1730-1736
32
Anderlova K, Kremen J, Dolezalova R, Housova J, Haluzikova D, Kunesova M, Hakuzik M.
The influence of very-low-calorie-diet on serum leptin, soluble leptin receptor, adiponectin
and resistin levels in obese women.
Physiol Res.
2006;
55
277-283
33
Qi L, Rimm E, Liu S, Rifai N, Hu FB.
Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, cereal fibre, and plasma adiponectin concentration
in diabetic men.
Diabetes Care.
2005;
28
1022-1028
34
Kabir M, Oppert JM, Vidal H, Bruzzo F, Fiquet C, Wursch P, Slama G, Rizkalla SW.
Four-week low-glycemic index breakfast with a modest amount of soluble fibres in type
2 diabetic men.
Metabolism.
2002;
51
819-826
35
Koebnick C, Wagner K, Thielecke F, Moeseneder J, Hoehne A, Franke A, Meyer H, Garcia AL,
Trippo U, Zunft HJ.
Validation of a simplified physical activity record by doubly labeled water technique.
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.
2005;
29
302-309
36
Koebnick C, Wagner K, Thielecke F, Dieter G, Hohne A, Franke A, Garcia AL, Meyer H,
Hoffmann I, Leitzmann P, Trippo U, Zunft HJ.
An easy-to-use semiquantitative food record validated for energy intake by using doubly
labelled water technique.
Eur J Clin Nutr.
2005;
59
989-995
37
Weickert MO, Mohlig M, Koebnick C, Holst JJ, Namsolleck P, Ristow M, Osterhoff M,
Rochlitz H, Rudovich N, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AF.
Impact of cereal fibre on glucose-regulating factors.
Diabetologia.
2005;
48
2343-2353
38
Ferris WF, Naran NH, Crowther NJ, Rheeder P, van der Merwe L, Chetty N.
The relationship between insulin sensitivity and serum adiponectin levels in three
population groups.
Horm Metab Res.
2005;
37
695-701
39
Esposito K, Nappo F, Giugliano F, Di Palo C, Ciotola M, Barbieri M, Paolisso G, Giugliano D.
Meal modulation of circulating interleukin 18 and adiponectin concentrations in healthy
subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2003;
78
1135-1140
40
Couillard C, Mauriege P, Prud'homme D, Nadeau A, Tremblay A, Bouchard C, Despres JP.
Plasma leptin concentrations: gender differences and associations with metabolic risk
factors for cardiovascular disease.
Diabetologia.
1997;
40
1178-1184
41
Koebnick C, Wagner K, Garcia AL, Gruendel S, Lahmann PH, Weickert MO, Möhlig M, Harsch IA,
Einig C, Speth M, Katz N, Trippo U, Zunft HJF.
Increase in serum resistin during weight loss in overweight subjects is related to
lipid metabolism.
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.
2006;
, in press
42
Burnett MS, Lee CW, Kinnaird TD, Stabile E, Durrani S, Dullum MK, Devaney JM, Fishman C,
Stamou S, Canos D, Zbinden S, Clavijo LC, Jang GJ, Andrews JA, Zhu J, Epstein SE.
The potential role of resistin in atherogenesis.
Atherosclerosis.
2005;
182
241-248
43
Bokarewa M, Nagaev I, Dahlberg L, Smith U, Tarkowski A.
Resistin, an adipokine with potent proinflammatory properties.
J Immunol.
2005;
174
5789-5795
44
Ballantyne CM, Nambi V.
Apolipoprotein A-I and high-density lipoprotein: is this the beginning of the era
of noninvasive angioplasty?.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2004;
44
1436-1438
45
Sniderman AD.
How, when, and why to use apolipoprotein B in clinical practice.
Am J Cardiol.
2002;
90
48i-54i
Correspondence
Corinna KoebnickPh.D.
Department of Preventive Medicine·University of Southern California
2250 Alcazar St
Room 210
Los Angeles
CA 90033
USA
Telefon: 323/442/26 76
Fax: 323/442/41 03
eMail: koebnick@usc.edu.de