Zusammenfassung
Die gelenkerhaltenden operativen Therapiemaßnahmen bei Knorpelschäden oder Gonarthrose können kurz- und mittelfristig effektiv zur Verminderung der Beschwerden führen. Dabei haben arthroskopische Techniken einen hohen Stellenwert. Lavage, Knorpelglättung, Meniskusresektion, Entfernen freier Körper und Osteophytenabtragung sind Maßnahmen des Gelenkdébridements. Die Behandlung isolierter Knorpeldefekte durch knochenmarkstimulierende Techniken (Bohrung, Abrasion, Mikrofrakturierung) führt zur Ausbildung fibrokartilaginärer Regenerate. Dabei können zum Teil sehr gute und gute klinische Ergebnisse erzielt werden. Dies ist ebenso durch die osteochondrale Transplantation möglich. Dieses Verfahren wird jedoch durch begrenzte Kapazität geeigneter Spenderareale und Probleme im Bereich der Defektzonen (Inkongruenz, fehlende intakte Knorpelschulter) limitiert. Innovative Techniken des Tissue Engineerings wie autologe Chondrozytentransplantation mit Periostlappen bzw. als matrix-gekoppelte Verfahren sind zukunftsweisende Methoden. Diese müssen ebenso wie die Behandlung mit Stammzellen und die Gentherapie jedoch ihre Effektivität in langfristigen kontrollierten Studien unter Beweis stellen. Wesentlich für die gelenkerhaltende Therapie bei Knorpelschäden ist die stadienabhängige Auswahl des Verfahrens ebenso wie die Beachtung individueller patientenabhängiger Faktoren.
Abstract
Joint-sparing operative treatment of cartilage lesions and in gonarthritis mostly affects a significant decrease of complaints in short- and middle-term follow-up. Arthroscopic treatments have a high priority. Arthroscopic housecleaning includes joint lavage, chondral debridement, and removal of loose bodies as well as resection of osteophytes. Local deep cartilage defects can be treated by bone-marrow-stimulating techniques. Drilling, abrasion or microfracturing produces fibro-cartilaginous regenerate's mostly excellent or good clinical outcome. Also the transplantation of osteochondral cylinders effects good results. This method limited by limits in the donor capacity, incongruence within the repaired defect zones and large defects without intact cartilage margins. Innovative techniques of tissue engineering (autologous chondrocyte implantation with periostal flaps or matrix-associated) surely are forward-looking methods. But these modern techniques inclusive stem cell implementation or genetic therapies have to demonstrate their effectiveness in controlled long-term clinical trials. The stage-dependent therapy and a carefully patient's selection are essential for the successfully joint-sparing operative therapy.
Literatur
1
Aderinto J, Cobb A G.
Lateral release for patellofemoral arthritis.
Arthroscopy.
2002;
18
399-403
2
Agneskirchner J D, Brucker P, Burkart A, Imhoff A B.
Large osteochondral defects of the femoral condyle: press-fit transplantation of the posterior femoral condyle (MEGA-OATS).
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc.
2002;
10
160-168
3
Ahmad C S, Guiney W B, Drinkwater C J.
Evaluation of donor site intrinsic healing response in autologous osteochondral grafting of the knee.
Arthroscopy.
2002;
18
95-98
4
Alfredson H, Lorentzon R.
Superior results with continuous passive motion compared to active motion after periosteal transplantation. A retrospective study of human patella cartilage defect treatment.
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc.
1999;
7
232-238
5
Alonge T O, Oni O O.
An investigation of the frequency of co-existence of osteophytes and circumscribed full thickness articular surface defects in the knee joint.
Afr J Med Med Sci.
2000;
29
151-153
6
Amiel D, Ball S T, Tasto J P.
Chondrocyte viability and metabolic activity after treatment of bovine articular cartilage with bipolar radiofrequency: an in vitro study.
Arthroscopy.
2004;
20
503-510
7
Amiel D, Coutts R D, Abel M, Stewart W, Harwood F, Akeson W H.
Rib perichondrial grafts for the repair of full-thickness articular-cartilage defects. A morphological and biochemical study in rabbits.
J Bone Joint Surg [Am].
1985;
67
911-920
8
An T, Ma C, Li J.
[High tibial osteotomy combined with autogenous periosteal graft for osteoarthritis of knee].
Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi.
1998;
12
226-228
9
Annandale T.
Excision of the internal semilunar cartilage, resulting in perfect restoration of the joint-movements.
Br Med J.
1889;
1
291-292
10
Bae D K, Yoon K H, Song S J.
Cartilage healing after microfracture in osteoarthritic knees.
Arthroscopy.
2006;
22
367-374
11
Baratz M E, Rehak D C, Fu F H, Rudert M J.
Peripheral tears of the meniscus. The effect of open versus arthroscopic repair on intraarticular contact stresses in the human knee.
Am J Sports Med.
1988;
16
1-6
12
Behrens P.
Matrixgekoppelte Mikrofrakturierung. Ein neues Konzept zur Knorpeldefektbehandlung.
Arthroskopie.
2005;
18
193-197
13
Beiser I H, Kanat I O.
Subchondral bone drilling: a treatment for cartilage defects.
J Foot Surg.
1990;
29
595-601
14
Bernard J, Lemon M, Patterson M H.
Arthroscopic washout of the knee - a 5-year survival analysis.
Knee.
2004;
11
233-235
15
Bert J M, Maschka K.
The arthroscopic treatment of unicompartmental gonarthrosis: a five-year follow-up study of abrasion arthroplasty plus arthroscopic debridement and arthroscopic debridement alone.
Arthroscopy.
1989;
5
25-32
16
Bobic V.
Arthroscopic osteochondral autograft transplantation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a preliminary clinical study.
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc.
1996;
3
262-264
17
Bobic V.
[Autologous osteo-chondral grafts in the management of articular cartilage lesions].
Orthopäde.
1999;
28
19-25
19
Bouwmeester P S, Kuijer R, Homminga G N, Bulstra S K, Geesink R G.
A retrospective analysis of two independent prospective cartilage repair studies: autogenous perichondrial grafting versus subchondral drilling 10 years post-surgery.
J Orthop Res.
2002;
20
267-273
20
Brooks J J.
The significance of double phenotypic patterns and markers in human sarcomas. A new model of mesenchymal differentiation.
Am J Pathol.
1986;
125
113-123
21
Brucker P, Agneskirchner J D, Burkart A, Imhoff A B.
[Mega-OATS. Technique and outcome].
Unfallchirurg.
2002;
105
443-449
22
Bruns J, Kersten P, Lierse W, Silbermann M.
Autologous rib perichondrial grafts in experimentally induced osteochondral lesions in the sheep-knee joint: morphological results.
Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol.
1992;
421
1-8
23 Bugbee W D. Osteochondral allograft transplantation. Cole BJ, Malek MM Articular Cartilage Lesions. A Practical Guide to Assessment and Treatment. New York, Berlin, Heidelberg, Hong Kong, London, Milan, Paris, Tokyo; Springer 2004: 82-94
24
Burkart A C, Schoettle P B, Imhoff A B.
[Surgical therapeutic possibilities of cartilage damage].
Unfallchirurg.
2001;
104
798-807
25
Caplan A I.
Review: mesenchymal stem cells: cell-based reconstructive therapy in orthopedics.
Tissue Eng.
2005;
11
1198-1211
26
Carranza-Bencano A, Armas-Padron J R, Gili-Miner M, Lozano M A.
Carbon fiber implants in osteochondral defects of the rabbit patella.
Biomaterials.
2000;
21
2171-2176
27
Coutts R D, Woo S L, Amiel D, von Schroeder H P, Kwan M K.
Rib perichondrial autografts in full-thickness articular cartilage defects in rabbits.
Clin Orthop Relat Res.
1992;
263-273
28 Dandy (Hrsg) D J. Arthroskopie des Kniegelenkes. Ein diagnostischer Farbatlas. Stuttgart, New York; Thieme 1989
29
Desjardins M R, Hurtig M B, Palmer N C.
Heterotopic transfer of fresh and cryopreserved autogenous articular cartilage in the horse.
Vet Surg.
1991;
20
434-445
30
Donovan P J, Gearhart J.
The end of the beginning for pluripotent stem cells.
Nature.
2001;
414
92-97
31
Dorotka R, Toma C D, Bindreiter U, Zehetmayer S, Nehrer S.
Characteristics of ovine articular chondrocytes in a three-dimensional matrix consisting of different crosslinked collagen.
J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater.
2005;
72
27-36
32
Driesang I M, Hunziker E B.
Delamination rates of tissue flaps used in articular cartilage repair.
J Orthop Res.
2000;
18
909-911
33
Engkvist O, Skoog V, Pastacaldi P, Yormuk E, Juhlin R.
The cartilaginous potential of the perichondrium in rabbit ear and rib. A comparative study in vivo and in vitro .
Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg.
1979;
13
275-280
34
Englund M.
Meniscal tear - a feature of osteoarthritis.
Acta Orthop Scand (Suppl).
2004;
75
1-45
35
Englund M, Roos E M, Lohmander L S.
Impact of type of meniscal tear on radiographic and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a sixteen-year follow-up of meniscectomy with matched controls.
Arthritis Rheum.
2003;
48
2178-2187
36
Erggelet C, Sittinger M, Lahm A.
The arthroscopic implantation of autologous chondrocytes for the treatment of full-thickness cartilage defects of the knee joint.
Arthroscopy.
2003;
19
108-110
37
Fairbank T J.
Knee joint changes after meniscectomy.
J Bone Joint Surg [Br].
1948;
30
664-670
38
Ficat R P, Ficat C, Gedeon P, Toussaint J B.
Spongialization: a new treatment for diseased patellae.
Clin Orthop Relat Res.
1979;
144
74-83
39
Friedman M J, Berasi C C, Fox J M, Del P W, Snyder S J, Ferkel R D.
Preliminary results with abrasion arthroplasty in the osteoarthritic knee.
Clin Orthop Relat Res.
1984;
182
200-205
40
Fukubayashi T, Kurosawa H.
The contact area and pressure distribution pattern of the knee. A study of normal and osteoarthrotic knee joints.
Acta Orthop Scand.
1980;
51
871-879
41
Gaismaier C, Fritz J, Schwe B, Albrecht D, Weise K.
Development of a novel collagen-based biphasic carrier for matrix-assisted transplantation of autologous chondrocytes.
Akt Traumatol.
2005;
35
267-273
42
Garrett J C.
Osteochondritis dissecans.
Clin Sports Med.
1991;
10
569-593
43
Gill T J.
The treatment of articular cartilage defects using microfracture and debridement.
Am J Knee Surg.
2000;
13
33-40
44
Grande D A, Mason J, Light E, Dines D.
Stem cells as platforms for delivery of genes to enhance cartilage repair.
J Bone Joint Surg [Am].
2003;
85 (Suppl 2)
111-116
45
Grande D A, Singh I J, Pugh J.
Healing of experimentally produced lesions in articular cartilage following chondrocyte transplantation.
Anat Rec.
1987;
218
142-148
46 Greis P E, Burks T. Arthroscopic meniscectomy. McGinty JB, Burkhart SS, Johnson DH, Jackson RW, Richmond JC Operative Arthroscopy. Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York, London, Buenos Aires, Sydney, Tokyo; Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2002: 218-231
47
Gudas R, Kalesinskas R J, Kimtys V, Stankevicius E, Toliusis V, Bernotavicius G, Smailys A.
A prospective randomized clinical study of mosaic osteochondral autologous transplantation versus microfracture for the treatment of osteochondral defects in the knee joint in young athletes.
Arthroscopy.
2005;
21
1066-1075
48
Guettler J H, Demetropoulos C K, Yang K H, Jurist K A.
Dynamic evaluation of contact pressure and the effects of graft harvest with subsequent lateral release at osteochondral donor sites in the knee.
Arthroscopy.
2005;
21
715-720
49
Guo X, Wang C, Zhang Y, Xia R, Hu M, Duan C, Zhao Q, Dong L, Lu J, Qing S Y.
Repair of large articular cartilage defects with implants of autologous mesenchymal stem cells seeded into beta-tricalcium phosphate in a sheep model.
Tissue Eng.
2004;
10
1818-1829
50
Häbler C.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Regeneration des Gelenkknorpels.
Klin Chir.
1925;
134
602-640
51
Hangody L, Fules P.
Autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty for the treatment of full-thickness defects of weight-bearing joints: ten years of experimental and clinical experience.
J Bone Joint Surg [Am].
2003;
85 (Suppl 2)
25-32
52
Hangody L, Karpati Z.
[New possibilities in the management of severe circumscribed cartilage damage in the knee].
Magy Traumatol Ortop Kezseb Plasztikai Seb.
1994;
37
237-243
53
Helbing G.
[Transplantation of isolated chondrocytes in articular cartilage defects. Regeneration of adult hyaline cartilage with fetal chondrocytes].
Fortschr Med.
1982;
100
83-87
54 Hempfling (Hrsg) H. Farbatlas der Arthroskopie großer Gelenke. Teil 1: Geschichte, Technik, Schulter, Ellenbogen, Hand. Stuttgart, Jena, New York; Fischer 1995
55
Hoikka V E, Jaroma H J, Ritsila V A.
Reconstruction of the patellar articulation with periosteal grafts. 4-year follow-up of 13 cases.
Acta Orthop Scand.
1990;
61
36-39
56
Homminga G N, Bulstra S K, Bouwmeester P S, van der Linden A J.
Perichondral grafting for cartilage lesions of the knee.
J Bone Joint Surg [Br].
1990;
72
1003-1007
57
Hunziker E B.
Articular cartilage repair: basic science and clinical progress. A review of the current status and prospects.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage.
2002;
10
432-463
62
Im G I, Kim D Y, Shin J H, Hyun C W, Cho W H.
Repair of cartilage defect in the rabbit with cultured mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow.
J Bone Joint Surg [Br].
2001;
83
289-294
63
Imhoff A B, Ottl G M, Burkart A, Traub S.
[Autologous osteochondral transplantation on various joints].
Orthopäde.
1999;
28
33-44
64
Insall J.
The Pridie debridement operation for osteoarthritis of the knee.
Clin Orthop Relat Res.
1974;
101
61-67
65
Insall J N.
Intra-articular surgery for degenerative arthritis of the knee. A report of the work of the late K. H. Pridie.
J Bone Joint Surg [Br].
1967;
49
211-228
66
Itay S, Abramovici A, Nevo Z.
Use of cultured embryonal chick epiphyseal chondrocytes as grafts for defects in chick articular cartilage.
Clin Orthop Relat Res.
1987;
220
284-303
67
Jancewicz P, Dzienis W, Pietruczuk M, Skowronski J, Bielecki M.
Osteochondral defects of the talus treated by mesenchymal stem cell implantation - early results.
Rocz Akad Med Bialymst.
2004;
49 (Suppl 1)
25-27
68
Jerosch J, Filler T J, Peuker E T.
The cartilage of the tibiofibular joint: a source for autologous osteochondral grafts without damaging weight-bearing joint surfaces.
Arch Orthop Trauma Surg.
2002;
122
217-221
69
Jerosch J, Hoffstetter I, Reer R.
Current treatment modalities of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee joint: results of a nation-wide German survey.
Acta Orthop Belg.
1996;
62
83-89
70
Kalunian K C, Moreland L W, Klashman D J, Brion P H, Concoff A L, Myers S, Singh R, Ike R W, Seeger L L, Rich E, Skovron M L.
Visually-guided irrigation in patients with early knee osteoarthritis: a multicenter randomized, controlled trial.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage.
2000;
8
412-418
71
Karataglis D, Learmonth D J.
Management of big osteochondral defects of the knee using osteochondral allografts with the MEGA-OATS technique.
Knee.
2005;
12
389-393
72
Knutsen G, Engebretsen L, Ludvigsen T C, Drogset J O, Grontvedt T, Solheim E, Strand T, Roberts S, Isaksen V, Johansen O.
Autologous chondrocyte implantation compared with microfracture in the knee. A randomized trial.
J Bone Joint Surg [Am].
2004;
86
455-464
74 Kohn (Hrsg) D. Arthroskopie des Kniegelenks. Diagnostik und operative Therapie. München, Wien, Baltimore; Urban und Schwarzenberg 1991
75
Kono M, Takao M, Naito K, Uchio Y, Ochi M.
Retrograde drilling for osteochondral lesions of the talar dome.
Am J Sports Med.
2006;
34
1450-1456
76
Leon H O, Blanco C E, Guthrie T B.
Arthroscopic decompressive medial release of the varus arthritic knee: expanding the functional envelope.
Arthroscopy.
2001;
17
523-526
77 Levy A S, Meier S W. Osteochondral autograft replacement. Cole BJ, Malek MM Articular Cartilage Lesions. A Practical Guide to Assessment and Treatment. New York, Berlin, Heidelberg, Hong Kong, London, Milan, Paris, Tokyo; Springer 2004: 73-81
78
Lexer E.
Substitution of whole or half joints from freshly amputated extremities by free plastic operation.
Surg Gynecol Obstet.
1908;
6
601-607
79
Lipscomb P R, Henderson M S.
Internal derangements of the knee.
JAMA.
1947;
135
827-830
80
Lorentzon R, Alfredson H, Hildingsson C.
Treatment of deep cartilage defects of the patella with periosteal transplantation.
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc.
1998;
6
202-208
81
Lu Y, Chang W, Xing D K, Chen W, Liu R S.
[Repair of cartilage defect of knee joints with free periosteal autograft].
Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi.
2002;
16
237-239
82
Luring C, Anders S, Bathis H, Perlick L, Tingart M, Grifka J.
[Current treatment modalities for cartilage defects at the knee - results of a nation-wide survey of surgical trauma and orthopaedic clinics in Germany].
Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb.
2004;
142
546-552
83
MacAusland W R.
Deranged joints of the semilunar cartilages: based on a study of 388 operative cases.
Ann Surg.
1931;
93
649-653
84
Madsen B L, Noer H H, Carstensen J P, Normark F.
Long-term results of periosteal transplantation in osteochondritis dissecans of the knee.
Orthopedics.
2000;
23
223-226
85
Magnuson P B.
Joint debridement. Surgical treatment of degenerative arthritis.
Surg Gynecol Obstet.
1941;
73
1-9
86
Makino T, Fujioka H, Kurosaka M, Matsui N, Yoshihara H, Tsunoda M, Mizuno K.
Histologic analysis of the implanted cartilage in an exact-fit osteochondral transplantation model.
Arthroscopy.
2001;
17
747-751
87
Makino T, Fujioka H, Yoshiya S, Terukina M, Matsui N, Kurosaka M.
The effect of the small and unstable autologous osteochondral graft on repairing the full-thickness large articular cartilage defect in a rabbit model.
Kobe J Med Sci.
2002;
48
97-104
88
Mandelbaum B R, Browne J E, Fu F, Micheli L, Mosely Jr J B, Erggelet C, Minas T, Peterson L.
Articular cartilage lesions of the knee.
Am J Sports Med.
1998;
26
853-861
89
Marcacci M, Berruto M, Brocchetta D, Delcogliano A, Ghinelli D, Gobbi A, Kon E, Pederzini L, Rosa D, Sacchetti G L, Stefani G, Zanasi S.
Articular cartilage engineering with Hyalograft C: 3-year clinical results.
Clin Orthop Relat Res.
2005;
435
96-105
90
Marcacci M, Kon E, Marchesini L, Iacono F, Zaffagnini S.
Autologe Chondrozytentransplantation mit arthroskopischer Technik.
Arthroskopie.
2005;
18
213-218
91
Matsusue Y, Yamamuro T, Hama H.
Arthroscopic multiple osteochondral transplantation to the chondral defect in the knee associated with anterior cruciate ligament disruption.
Arthroscopy.
1993;
9
318-321
92
Micheli L J, Browne J E, Erggelet C, Fu F, Mandelbaum B, Moseley J B, Zurakowski D.
Autologous chondrocyte implantation of the knee: multicenter experience and minimum 3-year follow-up.
Clin J Sport Med.
2001;
11
223-228
93
Minas T.
Autologous chondrocyte implantation for focal chondral defects of the knee.
Clin Orthop Relat Res.
2001;
91
S349-S361
94
Minas T, Chiu R.
Autologous chondrocyte implantation.
Am J Knee Surg.
2000;
13
41-50
95
Mitchiner P H.
An inquiry into the results of the operative treatment of internal derangement of the knee joint.
Br J Surg.
1922;
10
221-224
96
Mithoefer K, Williams I IIRJ, Warren R F, Potter H G, Spock C R, Jones E C, Wickiewicz T L, Marx R G.
The microfracture technique for the treatment of articular cartilage lesions in the knee. A prospective cohort study.
J Bone Joint Surg [Am].
2005;
87
1911-1920
97 Mohr (Hrsg) W. Gelenkpathologie. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York; Springer 2000
98
Moseley J B, O'Malley K, Petersen N J, Menke T J, Brody B A, Kuykendall D H, Hollingsworth J C, Ashton C M, Wray N P.
A controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee.
N Engl J Med.
2002;
347
81-88
100
Murphy J M, Fink D J, Hunziker E B, Barry F P.
Stem cell therapy in a caprine model of osteoarthritis.
Arthritis Rheum.
2003;
48
3464-3474
101
Nehrer S, Domayer S, Dorotka R, Schatz K, Bindreiter U, Kotz R.
Three-year clinical outcome after chondrocyte transplantation using a hyaluronan matrix for cartilage repair.
Eur J Radiol.
2006;
57
3-8
102
Nelson S C, Haycock D M.
Arthroscopy-assisted retrograde drilling of osteochondral lesions of the talar dome.
J Am Podiatr Med Assoc.
2005;
95
91-96
103
Nicholson P, Mulcahy D, Curtin B, McElwain J P.
Role of carbon fibre implants in osteochondral defects of the knee.
Ir J Med Sci.
1998;
167
86-88
104
Niedermann B, Boe S, Lauritzen J, Rubak J M.
Glued periosteal grafts in the knee.
Acta Orthop Scand.
1985;
56
457-460
105
Noble J, Hamblen D L.
The pathology of the degenerate meniscus lesion.
J Bone Joint Surg [Br].
1975;
57
180-186
106
O'Driscoll S W, Keeley F W, Salter R B.
The chondrogenic potential of free autogenous periosteal grafts for biological resurfacing of major full-thickness defects in joint surfaces under the influence of continuous passive motion. An experimental investigation in the rabbit.
J Bone Joint Surg [Am].
1986;
68
1017-1035
107
Passler H H.
[Microfracture for treatment of cartilage detects].
Zentralbl Chir.
2000;
125
500-504
108
Petersen W, Tillmann B.
Collagenous fibril texture of the human knee joint menisci.
Anat Embryol (Berl).
1998;
197
317-324
109
Pridie K H.
A method of resurfacing osteoarthritic knee joints.
J Bone Joint Surg [Br].
1959;
41
618-619
110
Quaile A.
Measurement of the effects of lateral release.
J R Nav Med Serv.
1989;
75
159-163
111
Quinn T M, Grodzinsky A J, Hunziker E B, Sandy J D.
Effects of injurious compression on matrix turnover around individual cells in calf articular cartilage explants.
J Orthop Res.
1998;
16
490-499
112
Ranawat C S, Desai K.
Role of early synovectomy of the knee joint in rheumatoid arthritis.
Arthritis Rheum.
1975;
18
117-121
113
Rand J A.
Role of arthroscopy in osteoarthritis of the knee.
Arthroscopy.
1991;
7
358-363
114
Ravaud P, Moulinier L, Giraudeau B, Ayral X, Guerin C, Noel E, Thomas P, Fautrel B, Mazieres B, Dougados M.
Effects of joint lavage and steroid injection in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: results of a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial.
Arthritis Rheum.
1999;
42
475-482
115
Richter W.
Stammzellen in der Knorpelforschung.
Akt Traumatol.
2005;
35
249-254
116
Ritsila V A, Santavirta S, Alhopuro S, Poussa M, Jaroma H, Rubak J M, Eskola A, Hoikka V, Snellman O, Osterman K.
Periosteal and perichondral grafting in reconstructive surgery.
Clin Orthop Relat Res.
1994;
302
259-265
117
Roch-Bras F, Daures J P, Legouffe M C, Sany J, Combe B.
Treatment of chronic knee synovitis with arthroscopic synovectomy: long-term results.
J Rheumatol.
2002;
29
1171-1175
118
Sauerbruch F.
Die Exstirpation des Femur mit Umkipp-Plastik des Unterschenkels.
Dtsch Z Chir.
1925;
169
1-12
119
Schmidt H, Schulze K J, Cyffka R.
[Results of treatment of cartilage damage by Pridie drilling of the knee joint].
Beitr Orthop Traumatol.
1988;
35
117-122
120
Schneider T, Fink B, Strauss J M, Ruther W, Schulitz K P.
[Critical assessment of indications for arthroscopic lateral release and medial tightening of the knee joint].
Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb.
1996;
134
238-245
121
Simonian P T, Sussmann P S, Wickiewicz T L, Paletta G A, Warren R F.
Contact pressures at osteochondral donor sites in the knee.
Am J Sports Med.
1998;
26
491-494
122
Spahn G, Mückley T, Kahl E, Hofmann G O.
Factors affecting the outcome of arthroscopy in medial-compartment osteoarthritis of the knee.
Arthroscopy.
2006;
22
1233-1240
123
Spahn G, Wittig R.
Short-term effects of different arthroscopic techniques in treatment of chondral defects (shaving, coablation, and microfracturing).
Eur J Trauma.
2002;
6
349-354
124
Spahn G.
Arthroscopic revisions in failed meniscal surgery.
Int Orthop.
2003;
27
378-381
125
Spahn G, Frober R, Linss W.
Treatment of chondral defects by hydro jet. Results of a preliminary scanning electron microscopic evaluation.
Arch Orthop Trauma Surg.
2006;
126
223-227
126
Spahn G, Kirschbaum S.
Operative treatment of deep chondral defects of the patella: results after abrasive arthroplasty and periosteal arthroplasty.
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc.
2005;
13
352-356
128
Spahn G, Kirschbaum S, Kahl E.
Factors that influence high tibial osteotomy results in patients with medial gonarthritis: a score to predict the results.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage.
2006;
14
190-195
129
Steadman J R, Rodkey W G, Briggs K K.
Microfracture to treat full-thickness chondral defects: surgical technique, rehabilitation, and outcomes.
J Knee Surg.
2002;
15
170-176
130
Steadman J R, Rodkey W G, Briggs K K, Rodrigo J J.
[The microfracture technic in the management of complete cartilage defects in the knee joint].
Orthopäde.
1999;
28
26-32
131
Steadman J R, Rodkey W G, Rodrigo J J.
Microfracture: surgical technique and rehabilitation to treat chondral defects.
Clin Orthop Relat Res.
2001;
391
S362-S369
132
Steinwachs M, Kreuz P.
Nichtmatrixgebundene Chondrozytentransplantation.
Arthroskopie.
2005;
18
198-202
133
Steinwachs M R, Kreuz P C.
[Combinations of different cartilage resurfacing techniques].
Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb.
2003;
141
625-628
134
Stoller D W, Martin C, Crues I IIJV, Kaplan L, Mink J H.
Meniscal tears: pathologic correlation with MR imaging.
Radiology.
1987;
163
731-735
135 Strobel (Ed) M. Manual of Arthroscopic Surgery. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Barcelona, Hong Kong, London, Milan, Paris, Tokyo; 1998
136
Trillat A.
[Traumatic lesions of the internal meniscus of the knee. Anatomical classification and clinical diagnosis].
Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot.
1962;
48
551-560
138
Vaatainen U, Kiviranta I, Jaroma H, Airaksinen O.
Lateral release in chondromalacia patellae using clinical, radiologic, electromyographic, and muscle force testing evaluation.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
1994;
75
1127-1131
139
Verdonk P C, Demurie A, Almqvist K F, Veys E M, Verbruggen G, Verdonk R.
Transplantation of viable meniscal allograft. Surgical technique.
J Bone Joint Surg [Am].
2006;
88 (Suppl 1)
109-118
140
Verdonk P C, Verstraete K L, Almqvist K F, De C K, Veys E M, Verbruggen G, Verdonk R.
Meniscal allograft transplantation: long-term clinical results with radiological and magnetic resonance imaging correlations.
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc.
2006;
14
141
Wagner H.
Möglichkeiten und klinische Erfahrungen mit der Knorpeltransplantation.
Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb.
1972;
110
705-708
142
Wai E K, Kreder H J, Williams J I.
Arthroscopic debridement of the knee for osteoarthritis in patients fifty years of age or older: utilization and outcomes in the Province of Ontario.
J Bone Joint Surg [Am].
2002;
84
17-22
143
Widenfalk B, af Ekenstam F.
Perichondrial grafting for total replacement of the patella. Experimental study in rabbits.
Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg.
1990;
24
97-99
144
Wienecke H, Lobenhoffer P.
[Basic principles of radiosurgical systems and their applications in arthroscopy].
Unfallchirurg.
2003;
106
2-12
145 Wirth C J, Kohn D. Operationen am Kniegelenk. Bauer R, Kerschbaumer F, Poisel S Orthopädische Operationslehre. Teil 1: Becken und untere Extremität. Stuttgart, New York; Thieme 1994: 431-592
Dr. med. Gunter Spahn
Praxisklinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie
Sophienstraße 16
99817 Eisenach
Phone: 0 36 91/7 35 00
Fax: 0 36 91/73 50 11
Email: spahn@pk-eisenach.de