References and Notes
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1a
Carotenoids: Isolation and Analysis
Part 1A:
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Liaaen-Jensen S.
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1b
Key to Carotenoids
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2
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11
Representative Experimental Procedure: Na2CO3 (1.15 g, 10.8 mmol, 1.5 equiv) was dissolved in H2O (5.4 mL) under an argon atmosphere. (E)-Trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy-pent-2-enoic acid methyl ester [(E)-4; 1.89 g, 7.20 mmol, 1.0 equiv] and (E)-2-phenylvinylboronic acid (3; 1.08 g, 7.20 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in dioxane (16 mL) were added. The solution was degassed, Pd(PPh3)4 (333 mg, 0.29 mmol, 0.04 equiv) was added and the mixture was heated to 80 °C for 20 h. After cooling, the reaction was quenched with H2O (75 mL). Et2O (80 mL) was added, the phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with Et2O (3 × 60 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes-Et2O, 19:1) yielding (E)-10 as a yellow oil (1.20 g, 5.55 mmol, 77%).
12
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13 Prepared according to: Paterson I.
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14 Spectroscopic data for (E)-2: R
f
= 0.65 (hexanes-Et2O, 9:1). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.18 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 3 H, CH
3CH2C=C), 1.23 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3 H, CH
3CH2CO), 2.60 (q, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 H, CH3CH
2C=C), 2.95 (q, J = 7.5 Hz, 2 H, CH3CH
2CO), 6.27 (s, 1 H, C=CHCO), 6.76 (d, J = 16.2 Hz, 1 H, PhC=CH), 7.07 (d, J = 16.2 Hz, 1 H, PhCH=C), 7.32-7.45 (m, 3 H, ArH), 7.51-7.62 (m, 2 H, ArH). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.2 (CH3), 14.1 (CH3), 21.1 (CH2), 37.8 (CH2), 123.0 (CH), 125.6 (CH), 127.0 (CH), 127.4 (CH, CAr), 128.6 (CH), 128.7 (CH, CAr), 130.9 (CH, CAr), 134.6 (CH), 136.5 (C, CAr), 156.5 (C), 201.3 (C). IR (film on KBr): 3031 (w), 2973 (m), 2935 (w), 2876 (w), 1677 (m), 1615 (w), 1577 (m), 1466 (w), 1448 (w), 1391 (w), 1172 (w), 1125 (m), 1040 (m), 962 (m), 836 (w), 750 (m), 691 (m) cm-1. MS (EI, 70 eV): m/z (%) = 214 (73) [M+], 199 (30), 185 (100), 157 (32), 141 (43), 129 (54), 115 (41), 91 (32). HRMS: m/z calcd for C15H18O: 214.1358; found: 214.1357. Anal. Calcd for C15H18O: C, 84.07; H, 8.47. Found: C, 84.15; H, 8.44.
15 Spectroscopic data for (Z)-2: R
f
= 0.58 (hexanes-Et2O, 9:1). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.04 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 3 H, CH
3CH2C=C), 1.13 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3 H, CH
3CH2CO), 2.39-2.45 (m, 2 H, CH3CH
2C=C), 2.44-2.50 (m, 2 H, CH3CH
2CO), 6.02 (s, 1 H, C=CHCO), 6.76 (d, J = 16.2 Hz, 1 H, PhC=CH), 7.17-7.30 (m, 3 H, ArH), 7.45-7.50 (m, 2 H, ArH), 8.27 (d, J = 16.7 Hz, 1 H, PhCH=C). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.1 (CH3), 13.9 (CH3), 26.8 (CH2), 37.8 (CH2), 123.0 (CH), 125.9 (CH), 127.0 (CH), 128.5 (CH, CAr), 128.6 (CH), 128.7 (CH, CAr), 130.9 (CH, CAr), 135.3 (CH), 136.8 (C, CAr), 154.4 (C), 202.0 (C). IR (film on KBr): 2973 (m), 2936 (w), 2876 (w), 1676 (m), 1615 (m), 1579 (m), 1449 (w), 1375 (w), 1199 (w), 1127 (m), 1040 (w), 973 (m), 753 (w), 691 (m) cm-1. MS (EI, 70 eV): m/z (%) = 214 (29) [M+], 185 (100), 141 (17), 129 (34), 115 (20), 91 (12). HRMS: m/z calcd for C15H18O: 214.1358; found: 214.1354. Anal. Calcd for C15H18O: C, 84.07; H, 8.47. Found: C, 84.44; H, 8.43.