Pediatric urologic evaluation by endoscopy is one of the most precise techniques in medicine. Recently developed endoscopic instruments permit an accurate and detailed examination of the child's urethra and bladder. Anomalies of the urethra and bladder in children may be divided into congenital, iatrogenic, infectious or inflammatory, and neoplastic groups. This review discusses the applicability of endoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of urologic abnormalities in children.
Bladder abnormalities - Cystourethroscopy - Endoscopic examination - Urethral abnormalities - Vaginoscopy
