Der Zweck der stationären psychiatrischen Akutversorgung und die Rolle der Pflegekräfte bedürfen einer Klärung und Neuformulierung, um einen Arbeitsrahmen für Praxis, Ausbildung, Forschung und Entwicklung zu schaffen. In den vergangenen Jahren wurde über stationäre Psychiatrie wenig geforscht. Zudem ist es schwierig, für ein komplexes System, in das viele Berufsgruppen mit unterschiedlichen Grundeinstellungen eingebunden sind, eine allgemein anerkannte knappe Beschreibung seiner Aufgabe zu erhalten. Solch ein Rahmen ist jedoch für die Förderung einer positiven Einstellung gegenüber den Patienten und für ein gutes Verhältnis zwischen Belegschaft und Leitung ausgesprochen wichtig. Dieser Artikel definiert die Funktion stationärer Akutpsychiatrie und die Rolle psychiatrischer Pflegekräfte mithilfe einer strukturierten Untersuchung der Literatur über die Gründe für eine Aufnahme auf psychiatrischen Akutstationen. Dabei stellten sich sieben solcher Aufnahmegründe heraus, die genauer beschrieben werden: Gefährlichkeit, Diagnostik, medizinische Behandlung, schwere seelische Störung, Defizite bei der Selbstversorgung, Entlastung für Betreuer, Rückzug für Patienten. Pflegekräfte in der stationären Akutpsychiatrie erbringen daher folgende Leistungen: Sie sorgen für die Sicherheit des Patienten und anderer, sie sammeln Informationen über Patienten und geben diese an andere weiter, sie behandeln Patienten und überwachen die Behandlung, sie tolerieren Verhaltensstörungen und gehen damit um, sie bieten persönliche Betreuung und sie schaffen eine Umgebung, in der sich Patienten wohlfühlen können. Daraus ergeben sich diskussionswürdige Auswirkungen für die psychiatrische Pflege.
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L. Bowers
St. Bartholomew School of Nursing and Midwifery, City University
Philpot Street
London E1 2EA, UK
Email: L.Bowers@city.ac.uk
