Prophylaxe, Diagnostik und Therapie der Hepatitis-B-Virus-(HBV-)Infektion: „Upgrade” der Leitlinie, AWMF-Register-Nr.: 021/011

Koordination: U. Protzer, M. Dollinger, M. Cornberg
Konsensuskonferenz am 27.1.2007 (13.30 Uhr) in Göttingen

Literatur

• 1 Immunisation against hepatitis B.  Lancet. 1988;  1 875-876
• 2 European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immunity . Are booster immunisations needed for lifelong hepatitis B immunity?.  Lancet. 2000;  355 561-565
• 3 Ahmed A, Keeffe E B. Lamivudine therapy for chemotherapy-induced reactivation of hepatitis B virus infection.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;  94 249-251
• 4 Anandh U, Bastani B, Ballal S. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as an adjuvant to hepatitis B vaccination in maintenance hemodialysis patients.  Am J Nephrol. 2000;  20 53-56
• 5 Anselmo D M, Ghobrial R M, Jung L C. et al . New era of liver transplantation for hepatitis B: a 17-year single-center experience.  Ann Surg. 2002;  235 611-619
• 6 Arribas J R, Gonzalez-Garcia J J, Lorenzo A. et al . Single (B or C), dual (BC or BD) and triple (BCD) viral hepatitis in HIV-infected patients in Madrid, Spain.  AIDS. 2005;  19 1361-1365
• 7 Arslan M, Wiesner R H, Sievers C. et al . Double-dose accelerated hepatitis B vaccine in patients with end-stage liver disease.  Liver Transpl. 2001;  7 314-320
• 8 Ascherio A, Zhang S M, Hernan M A. et al . Hepatitis B vaccination and the risk of multiple sclerosis.  N Engl J Med. 2001;  344 327-332
• 9 Averhoff F, Mahoney F, Coleman P. et al . Immunogenicity of hepatitis B Vaccines. Implications for persons at occupational risk of hepatitis B virus infection.  Am J Prev Med. 1998;  15 1-8
• 10 Awerkiew S, Daumer M, Reiser M. et al . Reactivation of an occult hepatitis B virus escape mutant in an anti-HBs positive, anti-HBc negative lymphoma patient.  J Clin Virol. 2007;  38 83-86
• 11 Ayoola E A, Johnson A O. Hepatitis B vaccine in pregnancy: immunogenicity, safety and transfer of antibodies to infants.  Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1987;  25 297-301
• 12 Aziz A, Aziz S, Li D S. et al . Efficacy of repeated high-dose hepatitis B vaccine (80 microg) in patients with chronic liver disease.  J Viral Hepat. 2006;  13 217-221
• 13 Bae S H, Yoon S K, Choi J Y. et al . Timing of lamivudine administration according to Child class in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;  20 1527-1532
• 14 Banatvala J, Van Damme P, Oehen S. Lifelong protection against hepatitis B: the role of vaccine immunogenicity in immune memory.  Vaccine. 2000;  19 877-885
• 15 Bauer T, Jilg W. Hepatitis B surface antigen-specific T and B cell memory in individuals who had lost protective antibodies after hepatitis B vaccination.  Vaccine. 2006;  24 572-577
• 16 Benhamou Y. Treatment algorithm for chronic hepatitis B in HIV-infected patients.  J Hepatol. 2006;  44 S90-S94
• 17 Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Thibault V. et al . Long-term incidence of hepatitis B virus resistance to lamivudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.  Hepatology. 1999;  30 1302-1306
• 18 Benhamou Y, Thibault V, Vig P. et al . Safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil in patients infected with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B and HIV-1.  J Hepatol. 2006;  44 62-67
• 19 Benner K G, Lee R G, Keeffe E B. et al . Fibrosing cytolytic liver failure secondary to recurrent hepatitis B after liver transplantation.  Gastroenterology. 1992;  103 1307-1312
• 20 Benvegnu L, Fattovich G, Noventa F. et al . Concurrent hepatitis B and C virus infection and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. A prospective study.  Cancer. 1994;  74 2442-2448
• 21 Berger A, Doerr H W, Rabenau H F. et al . High frequency of HCV infection in individuals with isolated antibody to hepatitis B core antigen.  Intervirology. 2000;  43 71-76
• 22 Bienzle U, Gunther M, Neuhaus R. et al . Immunization with an adjuvant hepatitis B vaccine after liver transplantation for hepatitis B-related disease.  Hepatology. 2003;  38 811-819
• 23 Bodsworth N, Donovan B, Nightingale B N. The effect of concurrent human immunodeficiency virus infection on chronic hepatitis B: a study of 150 homosexual men.  J Infect Dis. 1989;  160 577-582
• 24 Bodsworth N J, Cooper D A, Donovan B. The influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on the development of the hepatitis B virus carrier state.  J Infect Dis. 1991;  163 1138-1140
• 25 Bortolotti F. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B in children.  J Hepatol. 2003;  39 (Suppl 1) S200-S205
• 26 Bortolotti F, Guido M, Bartolacci S. et al . Chronic hepatitis B in children after e antigen seroclearance: final report of a 29-year longitudinal study.  Hepatology. 2006;  43 556-562
• 27 Bortolotti F, Jara P, Barbera C. et al . Long term effect of alpha interferon in children with chronic hepatitis B.  Gut. 2000;  46 715-718
• 28 Brook G. Prevention of viral hepatitis in HIV co-infection.  J Hepatol. 2006;  44 S104-S107
• 29 Brook M G, Chan G, Yap I. et al . Randomised controlled trial of lymphoblastoid interferon alfa in Europid men with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.  BMJ. 1989;  299 652-656
• 30 Brook M G, McDonald J A, Karayiannis P. et al . Randomised controlled trial of interferon alfa 2A (rbe) (Roferon-A) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: factors that influence response.  Gut. 1989;  30 1116-1122
• 31 Bruguera M, Rodicio J L, Alcazar J M. et al . Effects of different dose levels and vaccination schedules on immune response to a recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine in haemodialysis patients.  Vaccine. 1990;  8 (Suppl) S47-S49
• 32 Brunetto M R, Oliveri F, Coco B. et al . Outcome of anti-HBe positive chronic hepatitis B in alpha-interferon treated and untreated patients: a long term cohort study.  J Hepatol. 2002;  36 263-270
• 33 Buti M, Jardi R, Allende H. et al . Chronic delta hepatitis: is the prognosis worse when associated with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections?.  J Med Virol. 1996;  49 66-69
• 34 Bzowej N, Chan H L, Lai C L. et al . A randomized trial of telbivudine vs adefovir for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 563A
• 35 Cacciola I, Pollicino T, Squadrito G. et al . Occult hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C liver disease.  N Engl J Med. 1999;  341 22-26
• 36 Cardell K, Fryden A, Normann B. Intradermal hepatitis B vaccination in health care workers. Response rate and experiences from vaccination in clinical practise.  Scand J Infect Dis. 1999;  31 197-200
• 37 Caredda F, Rossi E, d'Arminio M A. et al . Hepatitis B virus-associated coinfection and superinfection with delta agent: indistinguishable disease with different outcome.  J Infect Dis. 1985;  151 925-928
• 38 Carlsson T, Struve J, Sonnerborg A. et al . The anti-HBs response after 2 different accelerated intradermal and intramuscular schemes for hepatitis B vaccination.  Scand J Infect Dis. 1999;  31 93-95
• 39 Castells L, Vargas V, Rodriguez F. et al . Clinical impact and efficacy of lamivudine therapy in de novo hepatitis B infection after liver transplantation.  Liver Transpl. 2002;  8 892-900
• 40 Castelnau C, Le Gal F, Ripault M P. et al . Efficacy of peginterferon alpha-2b in chronic hepatitis delta: relevance of quantitative RT-PCR for follow-up.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 728-735
• 41 CDC . Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine and the Risk of Multiple Sclerosis. Electronic Citation.  2004;  , www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/hbv_ms.pdf
• 42 Chalasani N, Smallwood G, Halcomb J. et al . Is vaccination against hepatitis B infection indicated in patients waiting for or after orthotopic liver transplantation?.  Liver Transpl Surg. 1998;  4 128-132
• 43 Chan H L, Leung N W, Hui A Y. et al . A randomized, controlled trial of combination therapy for chronic hepatitis B: comparing pegylated interferon-alpha2b and lamivudine with lamivudine alone.  Ann Intern Med. 2005;  142 240-250
• 44 Chan H L, Tang J L, Tam W. et al . The efficacy of thymosin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a meta-analysis.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;  15 1899-1905
• 45 Chang T T, Gish R G, Man de R. et al . A comparison of entecavir and lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2006;  354 1001-1010
• 46 Chang T T, Shiffman M, Tong M. et al . Durability of HBeAg seroconversion after adefovir dipivoxil treatment for chronic hepatitis B (CHB).  Journal of Hepatology. 2004;  40 126
• 47 Charest A F, McDougall J, Goldstein M B. A randomized comparison of intradermal and intramuscular vaccination against hepatitis B virus in incident chronic hemodialysis patients.  Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;  36 976-982
• 48 Chen C J, Yang H I, Su J. et al . Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level.  JAMA. 2006;  295 65-73
• 49 Chen G, Lin W, Shen F. et al . Past HBV viral load as predictor of mortality and morbidity from HCC and chronic liver disease in a prospective study.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;  101 1797-1803
• 50 Chen J C, Chang M L, Lin J N. et al . Comparison of childhood hepatic malignancies in a hepatitis B hyper-endemic area.  World J Gastroenterol. 2005;  11 5289-5294
• 51 Chen P M, Chiou T J, Fan F S. et al . Fulminant hepatitis is significantly increased in hepatitis B carriers after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.  Transplantation. 1999;  67 1425-1433
• 52 Chen P M, Fan S, Liu C J. et al . Changing of hepatitis B virus markers in patients with bone marrow transplantation.  Transplantation. 1990;  49 708-713
• 53 Chen Y C, Sheen I S, Chu C M. et al . Prognosis following spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance in chronic hepatitis B patients with or without concurrent infection.  Gastroenterology. 2002;  123 1084-1089
• 54 Cheng A L. Steroid-free chemotherapy decreases the risk of hepatitis flare-up in hepatitis B virus carriers with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.  Blood. 1996;  87 1202
• 55 Cheng A L, Hsiung C A, Su I J. et al . Steroid-free chemotherapy decreases risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in HBV-carriers with lymphoma.  Hepatology. 2003;  37 1320-1328
• 56 Chien R N, Yeh C T, Tsai S L. et al . Determinants for sustained HBeAg response to lamivudine therapy.  Hepatology. 2003;  38 1267-1273
• 57 Christensen C, Bruden D, Livingston S. et al . Diagnostic accuracy of a fibrosis serum panel (FIBROSpect II) compared with Knodell and Ishak liver biopsy scores in chronic hepatitis C patients.  J Viral Hepat. 2006;  13 652-658
• 58 Chu C M, Liaw Y F. Hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis: natural history and treatment.  Semin Liver Dis. 2006;  26 142-152
• 59 Chu C M, Yeh C T, Liaw Y F. Fulminant hepatic failure in acute hepatitis C: increased risk in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus.  Gut. 1999;  45 613-617
• 60 Chuang W L, Dai C Y, Chang W Y. et al . Viral interaction and responses in chronic hepatitis C and B coinfected patients with interferon-alpha plus ribavirin combination therapy.  Antivir Ther. 2005;  10 125-133
• 61 Clark F L, Drummond M W, Chambers S. et al . Successful treatment with lamivudine for fulminant reactivated hepatitis B infection following intensive therapy for high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.  Ann Oncol. 1998;  9 385-387
• 62 Clemens R, Sanger R, Kruppenbacher J. et al . Booster immunization of low- and non-responders after a standard three dose hepatitis B vaccine schedule - results of a post-marketing surveillance.  Vaccine. 1997;  15 349-352
• 63 Coates T, Wilson R, Patrick G. et al . Hepatitis B vaccines: assessment of the seroprotective efficacy of two recombinant DNA vaccines.  Clin Ther. 2001;  23 392-403
• 64 Cockcroft D W, Gault M H. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine.  Nephron. 1976;  16 31-41
• 65 Cohard M, Poynard T, Mathurin P. et al . Prednisone-interferon combination in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: direct and indirect metanalysis.  Hepatology. 1994;  20 1390-1398
• 66 Colloredo G, Bellati G, Leandro G. et al . Quantitative analysis of IgM anti-HBc in chronic hepatitis B patients using a new „gray-zone” for the evaluation of „borderline” values.  J Hepatol. 1996;  25 644-648
• 67 Colloredo M G, Bellati G, Leandro G. et al . Role of IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in the diagnosis of hepatitis B exacerbations.  Arch Virol. 1993;  (Suppl 8) 203-211
• 68 Colonno R J, Rose R, Baldick C J. et al . Entecavir resistance is rare in nucleoside naive patients with hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 1656-1665
• 69 Colonno R J, Rose R E, Pokornowski K. et al . Assessment at three years shows high barrier to resistance is maintained in entecavir-treated nucleoside naïve patients while resistance emergence increases over time in lamivudine refractory patients.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 229A-230A
• 70 Confavreux C, Suissa S, Saddier P. et al . Vaccinations and the risk of relapse in multiple sclerosis. Vaccines in Multiple Sclerosis Study Group.  N Engl J Med. 2001;  344 319-326
• 71 Cooksley W G. Treatment with interferons (including pegylated interferons) in patients with hepatitis B.  Semin Liver Dis. 2004;  24 (Suppl 1) 45-53
• 72 Cooksley W G, Piratvisuth T, Lee S D. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2a (40 kDa): an advance in the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B.  J Viral Hepat. 2003;  10 298-305
• 73 Cortelezzi A, Vigano M, Zilioli V R. et al . Adefovir added to lamivudine for hepatitis B recurrent infection in refractory B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia on prolonged therapy with Campath-1H.  J Clin Virol. 2006;  35 467-469
• 74 Cotonat T, Quiroga J A, Lopez-Alcorocho J M. et al . Pilot study of combination therapy with ribavirin and interferon alfa for the retreatment of chronic hepatitis B e antibody-positive patients.  Hepatology. 2000;  31 502-506
• 75 Craxi A, Di Bona D, Camma C. Interferon-alpha for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.  J Hepatol. 2003;  39 (Suppl 1) S99-S105
• 76 Crespo J, Fabrega E, Casafont F. et al . Severe clinical course of de novo hepatitis B infection after liver transplantation.  Liver Transpl Surg. 1999;  5 175-183
• 77 Crespo J, Lozano J L, Echevarria S. et al . Influence of hepatitis C virus infection and human immunodeficiency on the natural history of chronic delta hepatitis.  Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 1994;  85 185-191
• 78 D'Antiga L, Aw M, Atkins M. et al . Combined lamivudine/interferon-alpha treatment in „immunotolerant” children perinatally infected with hepatitis B: a pilot study.  J Pediatr. 2006;  148 228-233
• 79 Dahmen A, Herzog-Hauff S, Bocher W O. et al . Clinical and immunological efficacy of intradermal vaccine plus lamivudine with or without interleukin-2 in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  J Med Virol. 2002;  66 452-460
• 80 Dai M S, Chao T Y. Lamivudine therapy in HBsAg-carrying breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: prophylactic or preemptive?.  Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005;  92 95-96
• 81 Dai M S, Wu P F, Lu J J. et al . Preemptive use of lamivudine in breast cancer patients carrying hepatitis B virus undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy: a longitudinal study.  Support Care Cancer. 2004;  12 191-196
• 82 Davies S E, Portmann B C, O'Grady J G. et al . Hepatic histological findings after transplantation for chronic hepatitis B virus infection, including a unique pattern of fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis.  Hepatology. 1991;  13 150-157
• 83 De Feo T M, Poli F, Mozzi F. et al . Risk of transmission of hepatitis B virus from anti-HBC positive cadaveric organ donors: a collaborative study.  Transplant Proc. 2005;  37 1238-1239
• 84 De Maria N, Colantoni A, Friedlander L. et al . The impact of previous HBV infection on the course of chronic hepatitis C.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;  95 3529-3536
• 85 del Canho R, Grosheide P M, Mazel J A. et al . Ten-year neonatal hepatitis B vaccination program, The Netherlands, 1982 - 1992: protective efficacy and long-term immunogenicity.  Vaccine. 1997;  15 1624-1630
• 86 del C anho R, Grosheide P M, Voogd M. et al . Immunogenicity of 20 micrograms of recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine in healthy neonates: a comparison of three different vaccination schemes.  J Med Virol. 1993;  41 30-34
• 87 Delaugerre C, Marcelin A G, Thibault V. et al . Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Type 1 reverse transcriptase resistance mutations in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-HIV-coinfected patients treated for HBV chronic infection once daily with 10 milligrams of adefovir dipivoxil combined with lamivudine.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;  46 1586-1588
• 88 Dervite I, Hober D, Morel P. Acute hepatitis B in a patient with antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen who was receiving rituximab.  N Engl J Med. 2001;  344 68-69
• 89 Deutsch J, Wirth S. Konsensus über die Behandlung der chronischen Hepatitis B im Kindesalter.  Monatsschr Kinderheilkd. 2002;  150 625-629
• 90 Dhedin N, Douvin C, Kuentz M. et al . Reverse seroconversion of hepatitis B after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a retrospective study of 37 patients with pretransplant anti-HBs and anti-HBc.  Transplantation. 1998;  66 616-619
• 91 Di Bisceglie A, Lai C L, Gane E. et al . Telbivudine GLOBE trial: Maximal early HBV suppression is predictive of optimal two-year efficacy in nucleoside-treated hepatitis B patients.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 230A-231A
• 92 Di Marco V, Giacchino R, Timitilli A. et al . Long-term interferon-alpha treatment of children with chronic hepatitis delta: a multicentre study.  J Viral Hepat. 1996;  3 123-128
• 93 Di Marco V, Marzano A, Lampertico P. et al . Clinical outcome of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B in relation to virological response to lamivudine.  Hepatology. 2004;  40 883-891
• 94 Di Martino V, Lunel F, Cadranel J F. et al . Long-term effects of interferon-alpha in five HIV-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B.  J Viral Hepat. 1996;  3 253-260
• 95 Di Martino V, Thevenot T, Boyer N. et al . Serum alanine transaminase level is a good predictor of response to interferon alfa therapy for chronic hepatitis B in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.  Hepatology. 2000;  31 1030-1031
• 96 Di Martino V, Thevenot T, Colin J F. et al . Influence of HIV infection on the response to interferon therapy and the long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B.  Gastroenterology. 2002;  123 1812-1822
• 97 Dickson R C, Everhart J E, Lake J R. et al . Transmission of hepatitis B by transplantation of livers from donors positive for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Liver Transplantation Database.  Gastroenterology. 1997;  113 1668-1674
• 98 Dienstag J L. The role of liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis C.  Hepatology. 2002;  36 S152-S160
• 99 Dienstag J L. The value and limitations of long-term nucleoside antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B.  J Hepatol. 2005;  42 158-162
• 100 Dienstag J L, Cianciara J, Karayalcin S. et al . Durability of serologic response after lamivudine treatment of chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2003;  37 748-755
• 101 Dienstag J L, Schiff E R, Wright T L. et al . Lamivudine as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis B in the United States.  N Engl J Med. 1999;  341 1256-1263
• 102 Dikici B, Bosnak M, Bosnak V. et al . Combination therapy for children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;  17 1087-1091
• 103 Dikici B, Ozgenc F, Kalayci A G. et al . Current therapeutic approaches in childhood chronic hepatitis B infection: a multicenter study.  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;  19 127-133
• 104 Dore G J, Cooper D A, Barrett C. et al . Dual efficacy of lamivudine treatment in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis B virus-coinfected persons in a randomized, controlled study (CAESAR). The CAESAR Coordinating Committee.  J Infect Dis. 1999;  180 607-613
• 105 Douglas D D, Rakela J, Wright T L. et al . The clinical course of transplantation-associated de novo hepatitis B infection in the liver transplant recipient.  Liver Transpl Surg. 1997;  3 105-111
• 106 Duclos P. Safety of immunisation and adverse events following vaccination against hepatitis B.  Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2003;  2 225-231
• 107 Endo T, Sakai T, Fujimoto K. et al . A possible role for lamivudine as prophylaxis against hepatitis B reactivation in carriers of hepatitis B who undergo chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.  Bone Marrow Transplant. 2001;  27 433-436
• 108 Erhardt A, Blondin D, Hauck K. et al . Response to interferon alfa is hepatitis B virus genotype dependent: genotype A is more sensitive to interferon than genotype D.  Gut. 2005;  54 1009-1013
• 109 Erhardt A, Gerlich W, Starke C. et al . Treatment of chronic hepatitis delta with pegylated interferon-alpha2b.  Liver Int. 2006;  26 805-810
• 110 Erhardt A, Sagir A, Guillevin L. et al . Successful treatment of hepatitis B virus associated polyarteritis nodosa with a combination of prednisolone, alpha-interferon and lamivudine.  J Hepatol. 2000;  33 677-683
• 111 Evans T G, Schiff M, Graves B. et al . The safety and efficacy of GM-CSF as an adjuvant in hepatitis B vaccination of chronic hemodialysis patients who have failed primary vaccination.  Clin Nephrol. 2000;  54 138-142
• 112 Fabrizi F, Martin P, Dixit V. et al . HBsAg seropositive status and survival after renal transplantation: meta-analysis of observational studies.  Am J Transplant. 2005;  5 2913-2921
• 113 Fabrizio F, Bunnapradist S, Martin P. Transplanting kidneys from donors with prior hepatitis B infection: one response to the organ shortage.  J Nephrol. 2002;  15 605-613
• 114 Farci P, Mandas A, Coiana A. et al . Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with interferon alfa-2a.  N Engl J Med. 1994;  330 88-94
• 115 Farci P, Roskams T, Chessa L. et al . Long-term benefit of interferon alpha therapy of chronic hepatitis D: regression of advanced hepatic fibrosis.  Gastroenterology. 2004;  126 1740-1749
• 116 Farci P, Smedile A, Lavarini C. et al . Delta hepatitis in inapparent carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen. A disease simulating acute hepatitis B progressive to chronicity.  Gastroenterology. 1983;  85 669-673
• 117 Farrell G C. Immunosuppression and reactivation of hepatitis B in the lamivudine era: opportunities for prevention and exploitation?.  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;  14 741-744
• 118 Fattovich G, Boscaro S, Noventa F. et al . Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis type B.  J Infect Dis. 1987;  155 931-935
• 119 Fattovich G, Brollo L, Boscaro S. et al . Long-term effect of low dose recombinant interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  J Hepatol. 1989;  9 331-337
• 120 Fattovich G, Giustina G, Christensen E. et al . Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (Eurohep).  Gut. 2000;  46 420-426
• 121 Firpi R J, Nelson D R. Viral hepatitis: manifestations and management strategy.  Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2006;  375-380
• 122 Flink H J, Zonneveld van M, Hansen B E. et al . Treatment with Peg-interferon alpha-2b for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: HBsAg loss is associated with HBV genotype.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;  101 297-303
• 123 Floreani A, Boninsegna S, Lobello S. et al . Fatal hepatic decompensation in a bone marrow transplant recipient with HBV-related cirrhosis following lamivudine withdrawal.  Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2006;  30 307-309
• 124 Fontana R J, Hann H W, Perrillo R P. et al . Determinants of early mortality in patients with decompensated chronic hepatitis B treated with antiviral therapy.  Gastroenterology. 2002;  123 719-727
• 125 Fontana R J, Keeffe E B, Carey W. et al . Effect of lamivudine treatment on survival of 309 North American patients awaiting liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B.  Liver Transpl. 2002;  8 433-439
• 126 Fornairon S, Pol S, Legendre C. et al . The long-term virologic and pathologic impact of renal transplantation on chronic hepatitis B virus infection.  Transplantation. 1996;  62 297-299
• 127 Fouillard L, Serfaty L, Gozlan J. Adefovir therapy for lamivudine escape and hepatitis B virus reactivation after reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation.  Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006;  37 625-626
• 128 Fukuda R, Ishimura N, Kushiyama Y. et al . Effectiveness of interferon-alpha therapy in chronic hepatitis C is associated with the amount of interferon-alpha receptor mRNA in the liver.  J Hepatol. 1997;  26 455-461
• 129 Fung S K, Chae H B, Fontana R J. et al . Virologic response and resistance to adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  J Hepatol. 2006;  44 283-290
• 130 Fung S K, Wong F, Hussain M. et al . Sustained response after a 2-year course of lamivudine treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B.  J Viral Hepat. 2004;  11 432-438
• 131 Fytili P, Ciesek S, Manns M P. et al . Anti-HBc seroconversion after transplantation of anti-HBc positive nonliver organs to anti-HBc negative recipients.  Transplantation. 2006;  81 808-809
• 132 Gan S I, Devlin S M, Scott-Douglas N W. et al . Lamivudine for the treatment of membranous glomerulopathy secondary to chronic Hepatitis B infection.  Can J Gastroenterol. 2005;  19 625-629
• 133 Gane E, Pilmore H. Management of chronic viral hepatitis before and after renal transplantation.  Transplantation. 2002;  74 427-437
• 134 Ganem D, Prince A M. Hepatitis B virus infection - natural history and clinical consequences.  N Engl J Med. 2004;  350 1118-1129
• 135 Garripoli A, Di Marco V, Cozzolongo R. et al . Ribavirin treatment for chronic hepatitis D: a pilot study.  Liver. 1994;  14 154-157
• 136 Gaudin J L, Trepo C. Therapy of chronic delta hepatitis with alpha- and beta-interferon.  Prog Clin Biol Res. 1993;  382 345-352
• 137 Geier M R, Geier D A. Immunologic reactions and hepatitis B vaccine.  Ann Intern Med. 2001;  134 1155
• 138 Gerlich W H, Thomssen R. Terminology, structure and laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis viruses. Bircher J, Benhamou JP, McIntyre N, Rizetto M, Rhodes J Oxford Textbook of Clinical Hepatology Oxford; Oxford University press 1999: 828-869
• 139 Ghany M G, Ayola B, Villamil F G. et al . Hepatitis B virus S mutants in liver transplant recipients who were reinfected despite hepatitis B immune globulin prophylaxis.  Hepatology. 1998;  27 213-222
• 140 Gigliotti A R, Fioredda F, Giacchino R. Hepatitis B and C infection in children undergoing chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation.  J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2003;  25 184-192
• 141 Girard M. Autoimmune hazards of hepatitis B vaccine.  Autoimmun Rev. 2005;  4 96-100
• 142 Gish R G, Chang T T, Man R A. et al . Entecavir results in substantial virologic and biochemical improvement and HBeAg seroconversion through 96 weeks of treatment in HBeAg(+) chronic hepatitis B patients (study ETV-022).  Hepatology. 2005;  42 267A-268A
• 143 Govindarajan de S, Chin K P, Redeker A G. et al . Fulminant B viral hepatitis: role of delta agent.  Gastroenterology. 1984;  86 1417-1420
• 144 Gregorio G V, Jara P, Hierro L. et al . Lymphoblastoid interferon alfa with or without steroid pretreatment in children with chronic hepatitis B: a multicenter controlled trial.  Hepatology. 1996;  23 700-707
• 145 Grob P, Jilg W, Bornhak H. et al . Serological pattern „anti-HBc alone”: report on a workshop.  J Med Virol. 2000;  62 450-455
• 146 Gunsar F, Akarca U S, Ersoz G. et al . Two-year interferon therapy with or without ribavirin in chronic delta hepatitis.  Antivir Ther. 2005;  10 721-726
• 147 Hadler S C, Alcala D M, Rivero D. et al . Epidemiology and long-term consequences of hepatitis delta virus infection in the Yucpa Indians of Venezuela.  Am J Epidemiol. 1992;  136 1507-1516
• 148 Hadler S C, Monzon de M, Ponzetto A. et al . Delta virus infection and severe hepatitis. An epidemic in the Yucpa Indians of Venezuela.  Ann Intern Med. 1984;  100 339-344
• 149 Hadler S C, Francis D P, Maynard J E. et al . Long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in homosexual men.  N Engl J Med. 1986;  315 209-214
• 150 Hadler S C, Judson F N, O'Malley P M. et al . Outcome of hepatitis B virus infection in homosexual men and its relation to prior human immunodeficiency virus infection.  J Infect Dis. 1991;  163 454-459
• 151 Hadziyannis S J, Papatheodoridis G V, Dimou E. et al . Efficacy of long-term lamivudine monotherapy in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2000;  32 847-851
• 152 Hadziyannis S J, Sevastianos V, Rapti I. et al . Sustained biochemical and virological remission after discontinuation of 4 to 5 years of adefovir dipivoxil treatment in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 231A
• 153 Hadziyannis S J, Tassopoulos N C, Heathcote E J. et al . Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2005;  352 2673-2681
• 154 Hadziyannis S J, Tassopoulos N C, Heathcote E J. et al . Long-term Therapy With Adefovir Dipivoxil for HBeAg-Negative Chronic Hepatitis B for up to 5 Years.  Gastroenterology. 2006;  131 1743-1751
• 155 Hadziyannis S J, Tassopoulos N C, Heathcote E J. et al . Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2003;  348 800-807
• 156 Hartman C, Berkowitz D, Eshach-Adiv O. et al . Long-term lamivudine therapy for chronic hepatitis B infection in children unresponsive to interferon.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;  43 494-498
• 157 Hartwig M G, Patel V, Palmer S M. et al . Hepatitis B core antibody positive donors as a safe and effective therapeutic option to increase available organs for lung transplantation.  Transplantation. 2005;  80 320-325
• 158 Hasselhorn H M, Kralj N, Hofmann F. et al . Non- and low-response after preventive hepatitis B vaccination.  Gesundheitswesen. 1997;  59 321-328
• 159 Heintges T, Petry W, Kaldewey M. et al . Combination therapy of active HBsAg vaccination and interferon-alpha in interferon-alpha nonresponders with chronic hepatitis B.  Dig Dis Sci. 2001;  46 901-906
• 160 Henderson E A, Louie T J, Ramotar K. et al . Comparison of higher-dose intradermal hepatitis B vaccination to standard intramuscular vaccination of healthcare workers.  Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;  21 264-269
• 161 Hernan M A, Jick S S, Olek M J. et al . Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and the risk of multiple sclerosis: a prospective study.  Neurology. 2004;  63 838-842
• 162 Hillis W D, Hillis A, Walker W G. Hepatitis B surface antigenemia in renal transplant recipients. Increased mortality risk.  JAMA. 1979;  242 329-332
• 163 Hoff J, Bani-Sadr F, Gassin M. et al . Evaluation of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in coinfected patients receiving lamivudine as a component of anti-human immunodeficiency virus regimens.  Clin Infect Dis. 2001;  32 963-969
• 164 Hom X, Little N R, Gardner S D. et al . Predictors of virologic response to Lamivudine treatment in children with chronic hepatitis B infection.  Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;  23 441-445
• 165 Hoofnagle J H, Seeff L B. Peginterferon and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C.  N Engl J Med. 2006;  355 2444-2451
• 166 Housset C, Pol S, Carnot F. et al . Interactions between human immunodeficiency virus-1, hepatitis delta virus and hepatitis B virus infections in 260 chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus.  Hepatology. 1992;  15 578-583
• 167 Hsu Y S, Chien R N, Yeh C T. et al . Long-term outcome after spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2002;  35 1522-1527
• 168 Hui A Y, Chan H L, Cheung A Y. et al . Systematic review: treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection by pegylated interferon.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;  22 519-528
• 169 Hui C K, Cheung W W, Au W Y. et al . Hepatitis B reactivation after withdrawal of pre-emptive lamivudine in patients with haematological malignancy on completion of cytotoxic chemotherapy.  Gut. 2005;  54 1597-1603
• 170 Hui C K, Cheung W W, Zhang H Y. et al . Kinetics and risk of de novo hepatitis B infection in HBsAg-negative patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy.  Gastroenterology. 2006;  131 59-68
• 171 Hui C K, Lau E, Wu H. et al . Fibrosis progression in chronic hepatitis C patients with occult hepatitis B co-infection.  J Clin Virol. 2006;  35 185-192
• 172 Huo T I, Wu J C, Lai C R. et al . Comparison of clinico-pathological features in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma with or without hepatitis D virus superinfection.  J Hepatol. 1996;  25 439-444
• 173 Iannitto E, Minardi V, Calvaruso G. et al . Hepatitis B virus reactivation and alemtuzumab therapy.  Eur J Haematol. 2005;  74 254-258
• 174 Idilman R, Arat M, Soydan E. et al . Lamivudine prophylaxis for prevention of chemotherapy-induced hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis B virus carriers with malignancies.  J Viral Hepat. 2004;  11 141-147
• 175 Idilman R, Colantoni A, De Maria N. et al . Impaired antibody response rates after high dose short interval hepatitis B virus vaccination of immunosuppressed individuals.  Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;  50 217-221
• 176 Ikeda K, Shiga Y, Takahashi A. et al . Fatal hepatitis B virus reactivation in a chronic myeloid leukemia patient during imatinib mesylate treatment.  Leuk Lymphoma. 2006;  47 155-157
• 177 Ilan Y, Ashur Y, Tur-Kaspa R. et al . Chronic hepatitis C virus infection with exposure to hepatitis B virus.  Isr J Med Sci. 1994;  30 259-263
• 178 Iloeje U H, Yang H I, Su J. et al . Predicting cirrhosis risk based on the level of circulating hepatitis B viral load.  Gastroenterology. 2006;  130 678-686
• 179 Imbert-Bismut F, Ratziu V, Pieroni L. et al . Biochemical markers of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C virus infection: a prospective study.  Lancet. 2001;  357 1069-1075
• 180 Institute of Medicine - Report . Hepatitis B vaccine and demyelinating neurological disorders. Electronic Citation.  2002;  , www.cdc.gov/nip/vaccine/hep/hepb/iom.htm
• 181 Iwai K, Tashima M, Itoh M. et al . Fulminant hepatitis B following bone marrow transplantation in an HBsAg-negative, HBsAb-positive recipient; reactivation of dormant virus during the immunosuppressive period.  Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;  25 105-108
• 182 Jang J W, Choi J Y, Bae S H. et al . Transarterial chemo-lipiodolization can reactivate hepatitis B virus replication in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.  J Hepatol. 2004;  41 427-435
• 183 Jang J W, Choi J Y, Bae S H. et al . A randomized controlled study of preemptive lamivudine in patients receiving transarterial chemo-lipiodolization.  Hepatology. 2006;  43 233-240
• 184 Janssen H L, Zonneveld van M, Senturk H. et al . Pegylated interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial.  Lancet. 2005;  365 123-129
• 185 Janssen H L, Zonneveld van M, Nunen A B. et al . Polyarteritis nodosa associated with hepatitis B virus infection. The role of antiviral treatment and mutations in the hepatitis B virus genome.  Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;  16 801-807
• 186 Jardi van R, Rodriguez F, Buti M. et al . Role of hepatitis B, C, and D viruses in dual and triple infection: influence of viral genotypes and hepatitis B precore and basal core promoter mutations on viral replicative interference.  Hepatology. 2001;  34 404-410
• 187 Jilg W, Hottentrager B, Weinberger K. et al . Prevalence of markers of hepatitis B in the adult German population.  J Med Virol. 2001;  63 96-102
• 188 Jilg W, Schmidt M, Deinhardt F. Four-year experience with a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine.  Infection. 1989;  17 70-76
• 189 Jilg W, Schmidt M, Deinhardt F. Inoculation failure following hepatitis B vaccination. The effect of additional vaccinations.  Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1990;  115 1545-1548
• 190 Jonas M M, Mizerski J, Badia I B. et al . Clinical trial of lamivudine in children with chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2002;  346 1706-1713
• 191 Kanaan N, Horsmans Y, Goffin E. Lamivudine for nephrotic syndrome related to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.  Clin Nephrol. 2006;  65 208-210
• 192 Kanwal F, Farid M, Martin P. et al . Treatment alternatives for hepatitis B cirrhosis: a cost-effectiveness analysis.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;  101 2076-2089
• 193 Kapoor D, Aggarwal S R, Singh N P. et al . Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances the efficacy of hepatitis B virus vaccine in previously unvaccinated haemodialysis patients.  J Viral Hepat. 1999;  6 405-409
• 194 Kapoor D, Guptan R C, Wakil S M. et al . Beneficial effects of lamivudine in hepatitis B virus-related decompensated cirrhosis.  J Hepatol. 2000;  33 308-312
• 195 Kelly D. Viral hepatitis in children.  Adv Exp Med Biol. 2004;  549 83-90
• 196 Kempinska A, Kwak E J, Angel J B. Reactivation of hepatitis B infection following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a hepatitis B-immune patient: case report and review of the literature.  Clin Infect Dis. 2005;  41 1277-1182
• 197 Kim K H, Ahn S H, Chung H Y. et al . Hepatitis B virus infection after renal transplantation in the presence of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen immunity.  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;  19 847-853
• 198 Knoll A, Boehm S, Hahn J. et al . Reactivation of resolved hepatitis B virus infection after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.  Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004;  33 925-929
• 199 Knoll A, Hartmann A, Hamoshi H. et al . Serological pattern „anti-HBc alone”: characterization of 552 individuals and clinical significance.  World J Gastroenterol. 2006;  12 1255-1260
• 200 Kohmoto M, Enomoto M, Tamori A. et al . Quantitative detection of hepatitis B surface antigen by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay during lamivudine treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus carriers.  J Med Virol. 2005;  75 235-239
• 201 Kondili L A, Osman H, Mutimer D. The use of lamivudine for patients with acute hepatitis B (a series of cases).  J Viral Hepat. 2004;  11 427-431
• 202 Konopnicki D, Mocroft A, Wit de S. et al . Hepatitis B and HIV: prevalence, AIDS progression, response to highly active antiretroviral therapy and increased mortality in the EuroSIDA cohort.  AIDS. 2005;  19 593-601
• 203 Korenman J, Baker B, Waggoner J. et al . Long-term remission of chronic hepatitis B after alpha-interferon therapy.  Ann Intern Med. 1991;  114 629-634
• 204 Kruger M, Boker K H, Zeidler H. et al . Treatment of hepatitis B-related polyarteritis nodosa with famciclovir and interferon alfa-2b.  J Hepatol. 1997;  26 935-939
• 205 Kumagai K, Takagi T, Nakamura S. et al . Hepatitis B virus carriers in the treatment of malignant lymphoma: an epidemiological study in Japan.  Ann Oncol. 1997;  8 (Suppl 1) 107-109
• 206 Kumar M, Satapathy S, Monga R. et al . A randomized controlled trial of lamivudine to treat acute hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2007;  45 97-101
• 207 Kuo A, Dienstag J L, Chung R T. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;  2 266-272
• 208 Lackner H, Moser A, Benesch M. et al . Serological and molecular response on combined antiviral treatment in children with chronic hepatitis B after pediatric malignancy.  J Clin Virol. 2002;  25 (Suppl 3) S73-S79
• 209 Lai C L, Chien R N, Leung N W. et al . A one-year trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group.  N Engl J Med. 1998;  339 61-68
• 210 Lai C L, Dienstag J, Schiff E. et al . Prevalence and clinical correlates of YMDD variants during lamivudine therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis B.  Clin Infect Dis. 2003;  36 687-696
• 211 Lai C L, Gane E, Hsu C W. et al . Two-year results from the GLOBE trial in patients with hepatitis B: greater clinical and antiviral efficacy for telbivudine vs lamivudine.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 222A
• 212 Lai C L, Gane E, Liaw Y F. et al . Telbivudine (LdT) vs. lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B: First-year results from the international phase III globe trial.  Hepatology. 2005;  42 748A
• 213 Lai C L, Leung N, Teo E K. et al . A 1-year trial of telbivudine, lamivudine, and the combination in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B.  Gastroenterology. 2005;  129 528-536
• 214 Lai C L, Shouval D, Lok A S. et al . Entecavir versus lamivudine for patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2006;  354 1011-1020
• 215 Lampertico P, Del Ninno E, Vigano M. et al . Long-term suppression of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B by 24-month interferon therapy.  Hepatology. 2003;  37 756-763
• 216 Lampertico P, Marzano A, Levrero M. et al . Adefovir and lamivudine combination therapy is superior to adefovir monotherapy for lamivudine-resistant patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 693A-694A
• 217 Lampertico P, Vigano M, Manenti E. et al . Adefovir rapidly suppresses hepatitis B in HBeAg-negative patients developing genotypic resistance to lamivudine.  Hepatology. 2005;  42 1414-1419
• 218 Lang M, Neumann U, Kahl A. et al . Long-term outcome of 27 patients after combined liver-kidney transplantation.  Transplant Proc. 2001;  33 1440-1441
• 219 Lau D T, Doo E, Park Y. et al . Lamivudine for chronic delta hepatitis.  Hepatology. 1999;  30 546-549
• 220 Lau D T, Everhart J, Kleiner D E. et al . Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with interferon alfa.  Gastroenterology. 1997;  113 1660-1667
• 221 Lau D T, Kleiner D E, Park Y. et al . Resolution of chronic delta hepatitis after 12 years of interferon alfa therapy.  Gastroenterology. 1999;  117 1229-1233
• 222 Lau G K, He M L, Fong D Y. et al . Preemptive use of lamivudine reduces hepatitis B exacerbation after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.  Hepatology. 2002;  36 702-709
• 223 Lau G K, Liang R, Chiu E K. et al . Hepatic events after bone marrow transplantation in patients with hepatitis B infection: a case controlled study.  Bone Marrow Transplant. 1997;  19 795-799
• 224 Lau G K, Lok A S, Liang R H. et al . Clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen after bone marrow transplantation: role of adoptive immunity transfer.  Hepatology. 1997;  25 1497-1501
• 225 Lau G K, Piratvisuth T, Luo K X. et al . Peginterferon Alfa-2a, lamivudine, and the combination for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2005;  352 2682-2695
• 226 Lau G K, Suri D, Liang R. et al . Resolution of chronic hepatitis B and anti-HBs seroconversion in humans by adoptive transfer of immunity to hepatitis B core antigen.  Gastroenterology. 2002;  122 614-624
• 227 Lau G K, Yiu H H, Fong D Y. et al . Early is superior to deferred preemptive lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B patients undergoing chemotherapy.  Gastroenterology. 2003;  125 1742-1749
• 228 Lau J Y, Smith H M, Chaggar K. et al . Significance of IgM anti-hepatitis D virus (HDV) in chronic HDV infection.  J Med Virol. 1991;  33 273-276
• 229 Laubscher B, Gehri M, Roulet M. et al . Survival of infantile fulminant hepatitis B and treatment with Lamivudine.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;  40 518-520
• 230 Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures.  J Viral Hepat. 2004;  11 97-107
• 231 Law J K, Ho J K, Hoskins P J. et al . Fatal reactivation of hepatitis B post-chemotherapy for lymphoma in a hepatitis B surface antigen-negative, hepatitis B core antibody-positive patient: potential implications for future prophylaxis recommendations.  Leuk Lymphoma. 2005;  46 1085-1089
• 232 Le Gal F, Gordien E, Affolabi D. et al . Quantification of hepatitis delta virus RNA in serum by consensus real-time PCR indicates different patterns of virological response to interferon therapy in chronically infected patients.  J Clin Microbiol. 2005;  43 2363-2369
• 233 Leaw S J, Yen C J, Huang W T. et al . Preemptive use of interferon or lamivudine for hepatitis B reactivation in patients with aggressive lymphoma receiving chemotherapy.  Ann Hematol. 2004;  83 270-275
• 234 Lee C, Gong Y, Brok J. et al . Effect of hepatitis B immunisation in newborn infants of mothers positive for hepatitis B surface antigen: systematic review and meta-analysis.  BMJ. 2006;  332 328-336
• 235 Lee C, Gong Y, Brok J. et al . Hepatitis B immunisation for newborn infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004790. 2006; 
• 236 Lee G W, Ryu M H, Lee J L. et al . The prophylactic use of lamivudine can maintain dose-intensity of adriamycin in hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBs Ag)-positive patients with Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma who receive cytotoxic chemotherapy.  J Korean Med Sci. 2003;  18 849-854
• 237 Lee K M, Cho S W, Kim S W. et al . Effect of virological response on post-treatment durability of lamivudine-induced HBeAg seroconversion.  J Viral Hepat. 2002;  9 208-212
• 238 Lee W C, Wu M J, Cheng C H. et al . Lamivudine is effective for the treatment of reactivation of hepatitis B virus and fulminant hepatic failure in renal transplant recipients.  Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;  38 1074-1081
• 239 Lee Y S, Suh D J, Lim Y S. et al . Increased risk of adefovir resistance in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B after 48 weeks of adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy.  Hepatology. 2006;  43 1385-1391
• 240 Li Y H, He Y F, Jiang W Q. et al . Lamivudine prophylaxis reduces the incidence and severity of hepatitis in hepatitis B virus carriers who receive chemotherapy for lymphoma.  Cancer. 2006;  106 1320-1325
• 241 Liao S S, Li R C, Li H. et al . Long-term efficacy of plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine: a 15-year follow-up study among Chinese children.  Vaccine. 1999;  17 2661-2666
• 242 Liaw Y F. Prevention and surveillance of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma.  Semin Liver Dis. 2005;  25 (Suppl 1) 40-47
• 243 Liaw Y F, Chen Y C, Sheen I S. et al . Impact of acute hepatitis C virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.  Gastroenterology. 2004;  126 1024-1029
• 244 Liaw Y F, Chien R N, Yeh C T. No benefit to continue lamivudine therapy after emergence of YMDD mutations.  Antivir Ther. 2004;  9 257-262
• 245 Liaw Y F, Leung N W, Chang T T. et al . Effects of extended lamivudine therapy in Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group.  Gastroenterology. 2000;  119 172-180
• 246 Liaw Y F, Sung J J, Chow W C. et al . Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease.  N Engl J Med. 2004;  351 1521-1531
• 247 Liaw Y F, Tsai S L, Sheen I S. et al . Clinical and virological course of chronic hepatitis B virus infection with hepatitis C and D virus markers.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;  93 354-359
• 248 Lim L L, Wai C T, Lee Y M. et al . Prophylactic lamivudine prevents hepatitis B reactivation in chemotherapy patients.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;  16 1939-1944
• 249 Lim S G, Krastev Z, Ng T M. et al . Randomized, double-blind study of emtricitabine (FTC) plus clevudine versus FTC alone in treatment of chronic hepatitis B.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;  50 1642-1648
• 250 Lin C C, Chen C L, Concejero A. et al . Active immunization to prevent de novo hepatitis B virus infection in pediatric live donor liver recipients.  Am J Transplant. 2007;  7 195-200
• 251 Lin S M, Sheen I S, Chien R N. et al . Long-term beneficial effect of interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.  Hepatology. 1999;  29 971-975
• 252 Lin S M, Yu M L, Lee C M. et al . Interferon therapy in HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis reduces progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.  J Hepatol. 2007;  46 45-52
• 253 Lo C M, Liu C L, Lau G K. et al . Liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B with lamivudine-resistant YMDD mutant using add-on adefovir dipivoxil plus lamivudine.  Liver Transpl. 2005;  11 807-813
• 254 Locarnini S. Molecular virology and the development of resistant mutants: implications for therapy.  Semin Liver Dis. 2005;  25 (Suppl 1) 9-19
• 255 Locarnini S, Hatzakis A, Heathcote J. et al . Management of antiviral resistance in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  Antivir Ther. 2004;  9 679-693
• 256 Lok A S, Lai C L. A longitudinal follow-up of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen-positive Chinese children.  Hepatology. 1988;  8 1130-1133
• 257 Lok A S, Lai C L, Leung N. et al . Long-term safety of lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  Gastroenterology. 2003;  125 1714-1722
• 258 Lok A S, Liang R H, Chiu E K. et al . Reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication in patients receiving cytotoxic therapy. Report of a prospective study.  Gastroenterology. 1991;  100 182-188
• 259 Lok A S, McMahon B J. AASLD Practice Guidelines. Chronic hepatitis B: update of therapeutic guidelines.  Rom J Gastroenterol. 2004;  13 150-154
• 260 Looney R J, Hasan M S, Coffin D. et al . Hepatitis B immunization of healthy elderly adults: relationship between naive CD4 + T cells and primary immune response and evaluation of GM-CSF as an adjuvant.  J Clin Immunol. 2001;  21 30-36
• 261 Lucey M R, Graham D M, Martin P. et al . Recurrence of hepatitis B and delta hepatitis after orthotopic liver transplantation.  Gut. 1992;  33 1390-1396
• 262 Madejon A, Cotonat T, Bartolome J. et al . Treatment of chronic hepatitis D virus infection with low and high doses of interferon-alpha 2a: utility of polymerase chain reaction in monitoring antiviral response.  Hepatology. 1994;  19 1331-1336
• 263 Manesis E K, Hadziyannis S J. Interferon alpha treatment and retreatment of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B.  Gastroenterology. 2001;  121 101-109
• 264 Manns M P, Wedemeyer H, Cornberg M. Treating viral hepatitis C: efficacy, side effects, and complications.  Gut. 2006;  55 1350-1359
• 265 Manzarbeitia C, Reich D J, Ortiz J A. et al . Safe use of livers from donors with positive hepatitis B core antibody.  Liver Transpl. 2002;  8 556-561
• 266 Marangi A L, Giordano R, Montanaro A. et al . Hepatitis B virus infection in chronic uremia: long-term follow-up of a two-step integrated protocol of vaccination.  Am J Kidney Dis. 1994;  23 537-542
• 267 Marcellin P, Boyer N, Colin J F. et al . Recombinant alpha interferon for chronic hepatitis B in anti-HIV positive patients receiving zidovudine.  Gut. 1993;  34 S106
• 268 Marcellin P, Chang T T, Lim S G. et al . Long-term efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 548A
• 269 Marcellin P, Chang T T, Lim S G. et al . Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2003;  348 808-816
• 270 Marcellin P, Lau G K, Bonino F. et al . Peginterferon alfa-2a alone, lamivudine alone, and the two in combination in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2004;  351 1206-1217
• 271 Margreiter R, Kramar R, Huber C. et al . Combined liver and kidney transplantation.  Lancet. 1984;  1 1077-1078
• 272 Maria Elzbieta S L, Marek L D. Histological outcome of chronic hepatitis B in children treated with interferon alpha.  World J Gastroenterol. 2005;  11 7179-7182
• 273 Markovic S, Drozina G, Vovk M. et al . Reactivation of hepatitis B but not hepatitis C in patients with malignant lymphoma and immunosuppressive therapy. A prospective study in 305 patients.  Hepatogastroenterology. 1999;  46 2925-2930
• 274 Markowitz J S, Martin P, Conrad A J. et al . Prophylaxis against hepatitis B recurrence following liver transplantation using combination lamivudine and hepatitis B immune globulin.  Hepatology. 1998;  28 585-589
• 275 Martinez E, Blanco J L, Arnaiz J A. et al . Hepatotoxicity in HIV-1-infected patients receiving nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy.  AIDS. 2001;  15 1261-1268
• 276 Marusawa H, Chiba T. How can we prevent viral reactivation in liver transplantation from donors with latent hepatitis B virus infection?.  J Gastroenterol. 2001;  36 212-213
• 277 Marzano A, Salizzoni M, Debernardi-Venon W. et al . Prevention of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation in cirrhotic patients treated with lamivudine and passive immunoprophylaxis.  J Hepatol. 2001;  34 903-910
• 278 Mason W S, Taylor J M. Liver transplantation: a model for the transmission of hepatitis delta virus.  Gastroenterology. 1991;  101 1741-1743
• 279 Mast E E, Weinbaum C M, Fiore A E. et al . A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Part II: immunization of adults.  MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;  55 1-33
• 280 Mathurin P, Mouquet C, Poynard T. et al . Impact of hepatitis B and C virus on kidney transplantation outcome.  Hepatology. 1999;  29 257-263
• 281 Mathurin P, Thibault V, Kadidja K. et al . Replication status and histological features of patients with triple (B, C, D) and dual (B, C) hepatic infections.  J Viral Hepat. 2000;  7 15-22
• 282 McDonald J A, Harris S, Waters J A. et al . Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on chronic hepatitis B hepatic viral antigen display.  J Hepatol. 1987;  4 337-342
• 283 McMahon B J, Alward W L, Hall D B. et al . Acute hepatitis B virus infection: relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state.  J Infect Dis. 1985;  151 599-603
• 284 Mertens T, Haller O A, Klenk H D. Diagnostik und Therapie von Viruskrankheiten: Leitlinien der Gesellschaft für Virologie. München; Urban und Fischer-Verlag 2004
• 285 Mettang T, Schenk U, Thomas S. et al . Low-dose intradermal versus intramuscular hepatitis B vaccination in patients with end-stage renal failure. A preliminary study.  Nephron. 1996;  72 192-196
• 286 Miro J M, Laguno M, Moreno A. et al . Management of end stage liver disease (ESLD): what is the current role of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT)?.  J Hepatol. 2006;  44 S140-S145
• 287 Mitsui T, Iwano K, Suzuki S. et al . Combined hepatitis B immune globulin and vaccine for postexposure prophylaxis of accidental hepatitis B virus infection in hemodialysis staff members: comparison with immune globulin without vaccine in historical controls.  Hepatology. 1989;  10 324-327
• 288 Mitwalli A. Responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccine in immunocompromised patients by doubling the dose scheduling.  Nephron. 1996;  73 417-420
• 289 Monteyne P, Andre F E. Is there a causal link between hepatitis B vaccination and multiple sclerosis?.  Vaccine. 2000;  18 1994-2001
• 290 Mutchnick M G, Lindsay K L, Schiff E R. et al . Thymosin alpha1 treatment of chronic hepatitis B: results of a phase III multicentre, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study.  J Viral Hepat. 1999;  6 397-403
• 291 Myers R P, Tainturier M H, Ratziu V. et al . Prediction of liver histological lesions with biochemical markers in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  J Hepatol. 2003;  39 222-230
• 292 Nagamatsu H, Itano S, Nagaoka S. et al . Prophylactic lamivudine administration prevents exacerbation of liver damage in HBe antigen positive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing transhepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;  99 2369-2375
• 293 Nagamatsu H, Kumashiro R, Itano S. et al . Investigation of associating factors in exacerbation of liver damage after chemotherapy in patients with HBV-related HCC.  Hepatol Res. 2003;  26 293-301
• 294 Nakamura Y, Motokura T, Fujita A. et al . Severe hepatitis related to chemotherapy in hepatitis B virus carriers with hematologic malignancies. Survey in Japan, 1987 - 1991.  Cancer. 1996;  78 2210-2215
• 295 Neff G W, Bonham A, Tzakis A G. et al . Orthotopic liver transplantation in patients with human immunodeficiency virus and end-stage liver disease.  Liver Transpl. 2003;  9 239-247
• 296 Neff G W, Nery J, Lau D T. et al . Tenofovir therapy for lamivudine resistance following liver transplantation.  Ann Pharmacother. 2004;  38 1999-2004
• 297 Neumann U P, Lang M, Moldenhauer A. et al . Significance of a T-lymphocytotoxic crossmatch in liver and combined liver-kidney transplantation.  Transplantation. 2001;  71 1163-1168
• 298 Ni Y H, Huang F C, Wu T C. et al . Lamivudine treatment in maternally transmitted chronic hepatitis B virus infection patients.  Pediatr Int. 2005;  47 372-377
• 299 Niederau C, Heintges T, Lange S. et al . Long-term follow-up of HBeAg-positive patients treated with interferon alfa for chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 1996;  334 1422-1427
• 300 Niro G A, Ciancio A, Gaeta G B. et al . Pegylated interferon alpha-2b as monotherapy or in combination with ribavirin in chronic hepatitis delta.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 713-720
• 301 Ohtsu T, Sai T, Oka M. et al . Activation of hepatitis B virus infection by chemotherapy containing glucocorticoid in hepatitis B virus carriers with hematologic malignancies.  Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1991;  21 360-365
• 302 Olausson M, Mjornstedt L, Norden G. et al . Successful combined partial auxiliary liver and kidney transplantation in highly sensitized cross-match positive recipients.  Am J Transplant. 2007;  7 130-136
• 303 Ollenschlager G, Kopp I, Lelgemann M. et al . The German program for disease management guidelines. Background, methods, and development process.  Med Klin (Munich). 2006;  101 840-845
• 304 Onozawa M, Hashino S, Izumiyama K. et al . Progressive disappearance of anti-hepatitis B surface antigen antibody and reverse seroconversion after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with previous hepatitis B virus infection.  Transplantation. 2005;  79 616-619
• 305 Ozgenc F, Arikan C, Sertoz R Y. et al . Effect of long-term lamivudine in chronic hepatitis B virus-infected children.  Antivir Ther. 2004;  9 729-732
• 306 Ozguroglu M, Bilici A, Turna H. et al . Reactivation of hepatitis B virus infection with cytotoxic therapy in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.  Med Oncol. 2004;  21 67-72
• 307 Palmer D R, Perry K R, Mortimer P P. et al . Variation in the sensitivity of HBsAg screening kits.  Transfus Med. 1996;  6 311-317
• 308 Papatheodoridis G V, Dimou E, Laras A. et al . Course of virologic breakthroughs under long-term lamivudine in HBeAg-negative precore mutant HBV liver disease.  Hepatology. 2002;  36 219-226
• 309 Papatheodoridis G V, Manesis E, Hadziyannis S J. The long-term outcome of interferon-alpha treated and untreated patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.  J Hepatol. 2001;  34 306-313
• 310 Park J W, Park K W, Cho S H. et al . Risk of hepatitis B exacerbation is low after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy for patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma: report of a prospective study.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;  100 2194-2200
• 311 Pastore G, Santantonio T, Monno L. et al . Permanent inhibition of viral replication induced by low dosage of human leukocyte interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatogastroenterology. 1988;  35 57-61
• 312 Perrillo R, Hann H W, Mutimer D. et al . Adefovir dipivoxil added to ongoing lamivudine in chronic hepatitis B with YMDD mutant hepatitis B virus.  Gastroenterology. 2004;  126 81-90
• 313 Perrillo R P, Lai C L, Liaw Y F. et al . Predictors of HBeAg loss after lamivudine treatment for chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2002;  36 186-194
• 314 Perrillo R P, Wright T, Rakela J. et al . A multicenter United States-Canadian trial to assess lamivudine monotherapy before and after liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2001;  33 424-432
• 315 Persico M, De Marino F, Russo G D. et al . Efficacy of lamivudine to prevent hepatitis reactivation in hepatitis B virus-infected patients treated for non-Hodgkin lymphoma.  Blood. 2002;  99 724-725
• 316 Perz J F, Armstrong G L, Farrington L A. et al . The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide.  J Hepatol. 2006;  45 529-538
• 317 Peters M G, Andersen J, Lynch P. et al . Randomized controlled study of tenofovir and adefovir in chronic hepatitis B virus and HIV infection: ACTG A5127.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 1110-1116
• 318 Peters M G, Hann H H, Martin P. et al . Adefovir dipivoxil alone or in combination with lamivudine in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B.  Gastroenterology. 2004;  126 91-101
• 319 Pineda J A, Romero-Gomez M, Diaz-Garcia F. et al . HIV coinfection shortens the survival of patients with hepatitis C virus-related decompensated cirrhosis.  Hepatology. 2005;  41 779-789
• 320 Pirson Y, Alexandre G P, Ypersele C. Long-term effect of HBs antigenemia on patient survival after renal transplantation.  N Engl J Med. 1977;  296 194-196
• 321 Poge U, Gerhardt T, Palmedo H. et al . MDRD equations for estimation of GFR in renal transplant recipients.  Am J Transplant. 2005;  5 1306-1311
• 322 Pol S, Wesenfelder L, Dubois F. et al . Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on hepatitis delta virus superinfection in chronic HBsAg carriers.  J Viral Hepat. 1994;  1 131-137
• 323 Pollicino T, Squadrito G, Cerenzia G. et al . Hepatitis B virus maintains its pro-oncogenic properties in the case of occult HBV infection.  Gastroenterology. 2004;  126 102-110
• 324 Pontisso P, Ruvoletto M G, Fattovich G. et al . Clinical and virological profiles in patients with multiple hepatitis virus infections.  Gastroenterology. 1993;  105 1529-1533
• 325 Poynard T, Zoulim F, Ratziu V. et al . Longitudinal assessment of histology surrogate markers (FibroTest-ActiTest) during lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;  100 1970-1980
• 326 Prakoso E, Strasser S I, Koorey D J. et al . Long-term lamivudine monotherapy prevents development of hepatitis B virus infection in hepatitis B surface-antigen negative liver transplant recipients from hepatitis B core-antibody-positive donors.  Clin Transplant. 2006;  20 369-373
• 327 Pramoolsinsap C, Poovorawan Y, Hirsch P. et al . Acute, hepatitis-A super-infection in HBV carriers, or chronic liver disease related to HBV or HCV.  Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1999;  93 745-751
• 328 Prieto M, Gomez M D, Berenguer M. et al . De novo hepatitis B after liver transplantation from hepatitis B core antibody-positive donors in an area with high prevalence of anti-HBc positivity in the donor population.  Liver Transpl. 2001;  7 51-58
• 329 Propst T, Propst A, Lhotta K. et al . Reinforced intradermal hepatitis B vaccination in hemodialysis patients is superior in antibody response to intramuscular or subcutaneous vaccination.  Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;  32 1041-1045
• 330 Protzer-Knolle U, Naumann U, Bartenschlager R. et al . Hepatitis B virus with antigenically altered hepatitis B surface antigen is selected by high-dose hepatitis B immune globulin after liver transplantation.  Hepatology. 1998;  27 254-263
• 331 Puoti M, Airoldi M, Bruno R. et al . Hepatitis B virus co-infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects.  AIDS Rev. 2002;  4 27-35
• 332 Puoti M, Cozzi-Lepri A, Arici C. et al . Impact of lamivudine on the risk of liver-related death in 2,041 HBsAg- and HIV-positive individuals: results from an inter-cohort analysis.  Antivir Ther. 2006;  11 567-574
• 333 Puoti M, Torti C, Bruno R. et al . Natural history of chronic hepatitis B in co-infected patients.  J Hepatol. 2006;  44 S65-S70
• 334 Ragni M V, Belle S H, Im K. et al . Survival of human immunodeficiency virus-infected liver transplant recipients.  J Infect Dis. 2003;  188 1412-1420
• 335 Ragni M V, Eghtesad B, Schlesinger K W. et al . Pretransplant survival is shorter in HIV-positive than HIV-negative subjects with end-stage liver disease.  Liver Transpl. 2005;  11 1425-1430
• 336 Rahman F, Dahmen A, Herzog-Hauff S. et al . Cellular and humoral immune responses induced by intradermal or intramuscular vaccination with the major hepatitis B surface antigen.  Hepatology. 2000;  31 521-527
• 337 Raimondo G, Pollicino T, Cacciola I. et al . Occult hepatitis B virus infection.  J Hepatol. 2007;  46 160-170
• 338 Ranger-Rogez S, Denis F. Hepatitis B mother-to-child transmission.  Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2004;  2 133-145
• 339 Rehermann B, Nascimbeni M. Immunology of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection.  Nat Rev Immunol. 2005;  5 215-229
• 340 Rendi-Wagner P, Wiedermann G, Stemberger H. et al . New vaccination strategies for low- and non-responders to hepatitis B vaccine.  Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2002;  114 175-180
• 341 Resti M, Azzari C, Mannelli F. et al . Ten-year follow-up study of neonatal hepatitis B immunization: are booster injections indicated?.  Vaccine. 1997;  15 1338-1340
• 342 Rizzetto M. Hepatitis D: virology, clinical and epidemiological aspects.  Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2000;  63 221-224
• 343 Rizzetto M. Hepatitis delta: the virus and the disease.  J Hepatol. 1990;  11 (Suppl 1) S145-S148
• 344 Rizzetto M, Macagno S, Chiaberge E. et al . Liver transplantation in hepatitis delta virus disease.  Lancet. 1987;  2 469-471
• 345 Rizzetto M, Verme G, Recchia S. et al . Chronic hepatitis in carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen, with intrahepatic expression of the delta antigen. An active and progressive disease unresponsive to immunosuppressive treatment.  Ann Intern Med. 1983;  98 437-441
• 346 Robert Koch-Institut . Zur Situation wichtiger Infektionskrankheiten in Deutschland: Virushepatitis B, C und D im Jahr 2005.  Epidem Bull. 2006;  46
• 347 Robert Koch-Institut . Mitteilungen der Ständigen Impfkommission (STIKO) am Robert Koch-Institut: Hinweise für Ärzte zum Aufklärungsbedarf bei Schutzimpfungen.  Epidem Bull. 2004;  6 33-52
• 348 Robert Koch-Institut . Virushepatitis B, C und D im Jahre 2004.  Epidem Bull. 2005;  46 421-236
• 349 Robert Koch-Institut . Empfehlungen der Ständigen Impfkommission (STIKO) am Robert Koch-Institut/Stand Juli 2006.  Epidem Bull. 2006;  30 235-254
• 350 Roche B, Samuel D, Gigou M. et al . De novo and apparent de novo hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation.  J Hepatol. 1997;  26 517-526
• 351 Rockstroh J K. Influence of viral hepatitis on HIV infection.  J Hepatol. 2006;  44 S25-S27
• 352 Rodella A, Galli C, Terlenghi L. et al . Quantitative analysis of HBsAg, IgM anti-HBc and anti-HBc avidity in acute and chronic hepatitis B.  J Clin Virol. 2006;  37 206-212
• 353 Romand F, Michallet M, Pichoud C. et al . Hepatitis B virus reactivation after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a patient previously cured of hepatitis B.  Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1999;  23 770-774
• 354 Roque-Afonso A M, Feray C, Samuel D. et al . Antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen prevent viral reactivation in recipients of liver grafts from anti-HBC positive donors.  Gut. 2002;  50 95-99
• 355 Rosenau J, Bahr M J, Tillmann H L. et al . Lamivudine and low-dose hepatitis B immune globulin for prophylaxis of hepatitis B reinfection after liver transplantation possible role of mutations in the YMDD motif prior to transplantation as a risk factor for reinfection.  J Hepatol. 2001;  34 895-902
• 356 Rosenau J, Hooman N, Rifai K. et al . Hepatitis B virus immunization with an adjuvant containing vaccine after liver transplantation for hepatitis B-related disease: failure of humoral and cellular immune response.  Transpl Int. 2006;  19 828-833
• 357 Rosina F, Pintus C, Meschievitz C. et al . A randomized controlled trial of a 12-month course of recombinant human interferon-alpha in chronic delta (type D) hepatitis: a multicenter Italian study.  Hepatology. 1991;  13 1052-1056
• 358 Rosina F, Rizzetto M. Treatment of chronic type D (delta) hepatitis with alpha interferon.  Semin Liver Dis. 1989;  9 264-266
• 359 Rosman A S, Basu P, Galvin K. et al . Efficacy of a high and accelerated dose of hepatitis B vaccine in alcoholic patients: a randomized clinical trial.  Am J Med. 1997;  103 217-222
• 360 Rossi G, Pelizzari A, Motta M. et al . Primary prophylaxis with lamivudine of hepatitis B virus reactivation in chronic HBsAG carriers with lymphoid malignancies treated with chemotherapy.  Br J Haematol. 2001;  115 58-62
• 361 Ruiz R, Kunitake H, Wilkinson A H. et al . Long-term analysis of combined liver and kidney transplantation at a single center.  Arch Surg. 2006;  141 735-741
• 362 Ryu S H, Chung Y H, Choi M H. et al . Long-term additional lamivudine therapy enhances durability of lamivudine-induced HBeAg loss: a prospective study.  J Hepatol. 2003;  39 614-619
• 363 Sadovnick A D, Scheifele D W. School-based hepatitis B vaccination programme and adolescent multiple sclerosis.  Lancet. 2000;  355 549-550
• 364 Sagnelli E, Coppola N, Scolastico C. et al . Virologic and clinical expressions of reciprocal inhibitory effect of hepatitis B, C, and delta viruses in patients with chronic hepatitis.  Hepatology. 2000;  32 1106-1110
• 365 Sagnelli E, Pasquale G, Coppola N. et al . Influence of chronic coinfection with hepatitis B and C virus on liver histology.  Infection. 2004;  32 144-148
• 366 Sakallioglu O, Gok F, Kalman S. et al . Hepatitis B complicated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.  J Nephrol. 2005;  18 433-435
• 367 Saltik-Temizel I N, Kocak N, Demir H. Interferon-alpha and lamivudine combination therapy of children with chronic hepatitis b infection who were interferon-alpha nonresponders.  Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;  23 466-468
• 368 Saltik-Temizel I N, Kocak N, Demir H. Lamivudine and high-dose interferon-alpha combination therapy for naive children with chronic hepatitis B infection.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;  39 68-70
• 369 Samuel D, Muller R, Alexander G. et al . Liver transplantation in European patients with the hepatitis B surface antigen.  N Engl J Med. 1993;  329 1842-1847
• 370 Samuel D, Zignego A L, Reynes M. et al . Long-term clinical and virological outcome after liver transplantation for cirrhosis caused by chronic delta hepatitis.  Hepatology. 1995;  21 333-339
• 371 Sanchez-Fueyo A, Rimola A, Grande L. et al . Hepatitis B immunoglobulin discontinuation followed by hepatitis B virus vaccination: A new strategy in the prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation.  Hepatology. 2000;  31 496-501
• 372 Saracco G, Rosina F, Brunetto M R. et al . Rapidly progressive HBsAg-positive hepatitis in Italy. The role of hepatitis delta virus infection.  J Hepatol. 1987;  5 274-281
• 373 Sarrecchia C, Cappelli A, Aiello P. HBV reactivation with fatal fulminating hepatitis during rituximab treatment in a subject negative for HBsAg and positive for HBsAb and HBcAb.  J Infect Chemother. 2005;  11 189-191
• 374 Schattner A. Consequence or coincidence? The occurrence, pathogenesis and significance of autoimmune manifestations after viral vaccines.  Vaccine. 2005;  23 3876-3886
• 375 Scheiblauer H, Soboll H, Nick S. Evaluation of 17 CE-marked HBsAg assays with respect to clinical sensitivity, analytical sensitivity, and hepatitis B virus mutant detection.  J Med Virol. 2006;  78 (Suppl 1) S66-S70
• 376 Schiff E R, Lai C L, Hadziyannis S. et al . Adefovir dipivoxil therapy for lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B in pre- and post-liver transplantation patients.  Hepatology. 2003;  38 1419-1427
• 377 Schildgen O, Sirma H, Funk A. et al . Variant of hepatitis B virus with primary resistance to adefovir.  N Engl J Med. 2006;  354 1807-1812
• 378 Schirmacher P, Fleig W E, Tannapfel A. et al . Bioptic diagnosis of chronic hepatitis. Results of an evidence-based consensus conference of the German Society of Pathology, of the German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases and of Compensated Hepatitis (HepNet).  Pathologe. 2004;  25 337-348
• 379 Schmilovitz-Weiss H, Ben Ari Z, Sikuler E. et al . Lamivudine treatment for acute severe hepatitis B: a pilot study.  Liver Int. 2004;  24 547-551
• 380 Schmutz G, Nelson M, Lutz T. et al . Combination of tenofovir and lamivudine versus tenofovir after lamivudine failure for therapy of hepatitis B in HIV-coinfection.  AIDS. 2006;  20 1951-1954
• 381 Seaworth B, Drucker J, Starling J. et al . Hepatitis B vaccines in patients with chronic renal failure before dialysis.  J Infect Dis. 1988;  157 332-337
• 382 Segovia R, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Rimola A. et al . Evidence of serious graft damage induced by de novo hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation.  Liver Transpl. 2001;  7 106-112
• 383 Seth P, Alrajhi A A, Kagevi I. et al . Hepatitis B virus reactivation with clinical flare in allogeneic stem cell transplants with chronic graft-versus-host disease.  Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;  30 189-194
• 384 Shattock A G, Morris M C. Evaluation of commercial enzyme immunoassays for detection of hepatitis delta antigen and anti-hepatitis delta virus (HDV) and immunoglobulin M anti-HDV antibodies.  J Clin Microbiol. 1991;  29 1873-1876
• 385 Sheldon J, Camino N, Rodes B. et al . Selection of hepatitis B virus polymerase mutations in HIV-coinfected patients treated with tenofovir.  Antivir Ther. 2005;  10 727-734
• 386 Sheldon J A, Corral A, Rodes B. et al . Risk of selecting K65R in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected individuals with chronic hepatitis B treated with adefovir.  AIDS. 2005;  19 2036-2038
• 387 Sheng W H, Hung C C, Kao J H. et al . Impact of hepatitis D virus infection on the long-term outcomes of patients with hepatitis B virus and HIV coinfection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: a matched cohort study.  Clin Infect Dis. 2007;  44 988-995
• 388 Sherman M, Peltekian K M, Lee C. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus: incidence and prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in a North American urban population.  Hepatology. 1995;  22 432-438
• 389 Sherman M, Yurdaydin C, Sollano J. et al . Entecavir for treatment of lamivudine-refractory, HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.  Gastroenterology. 2006;  130 2039-2049
• 390 Shibolet O, Ilan Y, Gillis S. et al . Lamivudine therapy for prevention of immunosuppressive-induced hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis B surface antigen carriers.  Blood. 2002;  100 391-396
• 391 Silvestri F, Sperotto A, Ermacora A. et al . Lamivudine for the prevention of hepatitis B virus reactivation during autologous stem cell transplantation. A case report.  Haematologica. 2000;  85 327-329
• 392 Smedile A, Farci P, Verme G. et al . Influence of delta infection on severity of hepatitis B.  Lancet. 1982;  2 945-947
• 393 Sokal E. Drug treatment of pediatric chronic hepatitis B.  Paediatr Drugs. 2002;  4 361-369
• 394 Sokal E M, Kelly D A, Mizerski J. et al . Long-term lamivudine therapy for children with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2006;  43 225-232
• 395 Soriano V, Barreiro P, Nunez M. Management of chronic hepatitis B and C in HIV-coinfected patients.  J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;  57 815-818
• 396 Soriano V, Puoti M, Bonacini M. et al . Care of patients with chronic hepatitis B and HIV co-infection: recommendations from an HIV-HBV International Panel.  AIDS. 2005;  19 221-240
• 397 Spengler U, Lichterfeld M, Rockstroh J K. Antiretroviral drug toxicity - a challenge for the hepatologist?.  J Hepatol. 2002;  36 283-294
• 398 Sponseller C A, Bacon B R, Di Bisceglie A M. Clinical improvement in patients with decompensated liver disease caused by hepatitis B after treatment with lamivudine.  Liver Transpl. 2000;  6 715-720
• 399 Starkel P, Stoffel M, Lerut J. et al . Response to an experimental HBV vaccine permits withdrawal of HBIg prophylaxis in fulminant and selected chronic HBV-infected liver graft recipients.  Liver Transpl. 2005;  11 1228-1234
• 400 Steinmuller T, Seehofer D, Rayes N. et al . Increasing applicability of liver transplantation for patients with hepatitis B-related liver disease.  Hepatology. 2002;  35 1528-1535
• 401 Stevens C E, Alter H J, Taylor P E. et al . Hepatitis B vaccine in patients receiving hemodialysis. Immunogenicity and efficacy.  N Engl J Med. 1984;  311 496-501
• 402 Su C W, Huang Y H, Huo T I. et al . Genotypes and viremia of hepatitis B and D viruses are associated with outcomes of chronic hepatitis D patients.  Gastroenterology. 2006;  130 1625-1635
• 403 Su G G, Pan K H, Zhao N F. et al . Efficacy and safety of lamivudine treatment for chronic hepatitis B in pregnancy.  World J Gastroenterol. 2004;  10 910-912
• 404 Sung J JY, Lai J Y, Zeuzem S. et al . A randomised double-blind phase II study of lamivudine (LAM) compared to lamivudine plus adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) for treatment naive patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB): Week 52 analysis.  Journal of Hepatology. 2003;  38 25-26
• 405 Tabor E. Infections by hepatitis B surface antigen gene mutants in Europe and North America.  J Med Virol. 2006;  78 (Suppl 1) S43-S47
• 406 Tang J R, Cova L, Lamelin J P. et al . Clinical relevance of the detection of hepatitis delta virus RNA in serum by RNA hybridization and polymerase chain reaction.  J Hepatol. 1994;  21 953-960
• 407 Tassopoulos N C, Papaevangelou G J, Sjogren M H. et al . Natural history of acute hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatitis in Greek adults.  Gastroenterology. 1987;  92 1844-1850
• 408 Tenderich G, Zittermann A, Prohaska W. et al . Frequent detection of hepatitis B core antibodies in heart transplant recipients without preceding hepatitis B infection.  Transplant Proc. 2005;  37 4522-4524
• 409 Tenney D, Baldick C J, Rose R E. et al . Only a subset of HBV substitutions at entecavir resistance residues lead to phenotypic resistance and virologic rebound.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 253A-254A
• 410 ter Borg F, Smorenburg S, Man R A. et al . Recovery from life-threatening, corticosteroid-unresponsive, chemotherapy-related reactivation of hepatitis B associated with lamivudine therapy.  Dig Dis Sci. 1998;  43 2267-2270
• 411 Terrault de N, Roche B, Samuel D. Management of the hepatitis B virus in the liver transplantation setting: a European and an American perspective.  Liver Transpl. 2005;  11 716-732
• 412 Thierfelder W, Hellenbrand W, Meisel H. et al . Prevalence of markers for hepatitis A, B and C in the German population. Results of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998.  Eur J Epidemiol. 2001;  17 429-435
• 413 Thio C L. Hepatitis B in the human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient: epidemiology, natural history, and treatment.  Semin Liver Dis. 2003;  23 125-136
• 414 Thio C L, Seaberg E C, Skolasky R Jr. et al . HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, and risk of liver-related mortality in the Multicenter Cohort Study (MACS).  Lancet. 2002;  360 1921-1926
• 415 Thomas H C, Lemon S, Zuckerman A J. Viral Hepatitis. Thomas HC, Lemon S, Zuckerman AJ Blackwell Publishing 2005
• 416 Tillmann H L, Hadem J, Leifeld L. et al . Safety and efficacy of lamivudine in patients with severe acute or fulminant hepatitis B, a multicenter experience.  J Viral Hepat. 2006;  13 256-263
• 417 Tseng P L, Lu S N, Tung H D. et al . Determinants of early mortality and benefits of lamivudine therapy in patients with hepatitis B virus-related decompensated liver cirrhosis.  J Viral Hepat. 2005;  12 386-392
• 418 Tsutsumi Y, Tanaka J, Kawamura T. et al . Possible efficacy of lamivudine treatment to prevent hepatitis B virus reactivation due to rituximab therapy in a patient with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.  Ann Hematol. 2004;  83 58-60
• 419 Uemoto S, Inomata Y, Sannomiya A. et al . Posttransplant hepatitis B infection in liver transplantation with hepatitis B core antibody-positive donors.  Transplant Proc. 1998;  30 134-135
• 420 Bommel van F, Wunsche T, Mauss S. et al . Comparison of adefovir and tenofovir in the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus infection.  Hepatology. 2004;  40 1421-1425
• 421 Bommel van F, Zollner B, Sarrazin C. et al . Tenofovir for patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and high HBV DNA level during adefovir therapy.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 318-325
• 422 Van Damme P, Kane M, Meheus A. Integration of hepatitis B vaccination into national immunisation programmes. Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board.  BMJ. 1997;  314 1033-1036
• 423 Nunen A B, Hansen B E, Suh D J. et al . Durability of HBeAg seroconversion following antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B: relation to type of therapy and pretreatment serum hepatitis B virus DNA and alanine aminotransferase.  Gut. 2003;  52 420-424
• 424 Zonneveld van M, Nunen van A B, Niesters H G. et al . Lamivudine treatment during pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection.  J Viral Hepat. 2003;  10 294-297
• 425 Vassiliadis van T, Garipidou V, Tziomalos K. et al . Prevention of hepatitis B reactivation with lamivudine in hepatitis B virus carriers with hematologic malignancies treated with chemotherapy - a prospective case series.  Am J Hematol. 2005;  80 197-203
• 426 Verme G, Brunetto M R, Oliveri F. et al . Role of hepatitis delta virus infection in hepatocellular carcinoma.  Dig Dis Sci. 1991;  36 1134-1136
• 427 Villa E, Grottola A, Buttafoco P. et al . High doses of alpha-interferon are required in chronic hepatitis due to coinfection with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus: long term results of a prospective randomized trial.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;  96 2973-2977
• 428 Villeneuve E, Vincelette J, Villeneuve J P. Ineffectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination in cirrhotic patients waiting for liver transplantation.  Can J Gastroenterol. 2000;  14 (Suppl B) 59B-62B
• 429 Villeneuve J P, Condreay L D, Willems B. et al . Lamivudine treatment for decompensated cirrhosis resulting from chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2000;  31 207-210
• 430 Villeneuve J P, Durantel D, Durantel S. et al . Selection of a hepatitis B virus strain resistant to adefovir in a liver transplantation patient.  J Hepatol. 2003;  39 1085-1089
• 431 Vo Thi D H, Bourgois A, Bontems P. et al . Chronic hepatitis B infection: long term comparison of children receiving interferon alpha and untreated controls.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;  40 141-145
• 432 Wai C T, Chu C J, Hussain M. et al . HBV genotype B is associated with better response to interferon therapy in HBeAg(+) chronic hepatitis than genotype C.  Hepatology. 2002;  36 1425-1430
• 433 Wainwright R B, Bulkow L R, Parkinson A J. et al . Protection provided by hepatitis B vaccine in a Yupik Eskimo population - results of a 10-year study.  J Infect Dis. 1997;  175 674-677
• 434 Waked I, Amin M, Abd E F. et al . Experience with interferon in chronic hepatitis B in Egypt.  J Chemother. 1990;  2 310-318
• 435 Walker U A, Bauerle J, Laguno M. et al . Depletion of mitochondrial DNA in liver under antiretroviral therapy with didanosine, stavudine, or zalcitabine.  Hepatology. 2004;  39 311-317
• 436 Walter J, Radun D, Claus H. et al . Hepatitis B and C risk factors in Germany - results of the national surveillance.  Gesundheitswesen. 2005;  67 441-447
• 437 Wands J R, Chura C M, Roll F J. et al . Serial studies of hepatitis-associated antigen and antibody in patients receiving antitumor chemotherapy for myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders.  Gastroenterology. 1975;  68 105-112
• 438 Wartelle-Bladou C, Lafon J, Trepo C. et al . Successful combination therapy of polyarteritis nodosa associated with a pre-core promoter mutant hepatitis B virus infection.  J Hepatol. 2001;  34 774-779
• 439 Watson B, West D J, Chilkatowsky A. et al . Persistence of immunologic memory for 13 years in recipients of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine.  Vaccine. 2001;  19 3164-3168
• 440 Weber B. Genetic variability of the S gene of hepatitis B virus: clinical and diagnostic impact.  J Clin Virol. 2005;  32 102-112
• 441 Wedemeyer H, Cornberg M, Tegtmeyer B. et al . Isolated anti-HBV core phenotype in anti-HCV-positive patients is associated with hepatitis C virus replication.  Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;  10 70-72
• 442 Weltman M D, Brotodihardjo A, Crewe E B. et al . Coinfection with hepatitis B and C or B, C and delta viruses results in severe chronic liver disease and responds poorly to interferon-alpha treatment.  J Viral Hepat. 1995;  2 39-45
• 443 Wen Y K, Chen M L. Remission of hepatitis B virus-associated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in a cirrhotic patient after lamivudine therapy.  Clin Nephrol. 2006;  65 211-215
• 444 West D J, Calandra G B. Vaccine induced immunologic memory for hepatitis B surface antigen: implications for policy on booster vaccination.  Vaccine. 1996;  14 1019-1027
• 445 Westhoff T H, Jochimsen F, Schmittel A. et al . Fatal hepatitis B virus reactivation by an escape mutant following rituximab therapy.  Blood. 2003;  102 1930
• 446 Westland C, Delaney W, Yang H. et al . Hepatitis B virus genotypes and virologic response in 694 patients in phase III studies of adefovir dipivoxil1.  Gastroenterology. 2003;  125 107-116
• 447 Westland C E, Yang H, Delaney W E. et al . Week 48 resistance surveillance in two phase 3 clinical studies of adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2003;  38 96-103
• 448 Whittle H, Jaffar S, Wansbrough M. et al . Observational study of vaccine efficacy 14 years after trial of hepatitis B vaccination in Gambian children.  BMJ. 2002;  325 569
• 449 Wiegand J, Hasenclever D, Tillman H L. Should treatment of hepatitis B depend on HBV genotypes? - A hypothesis generated from an explorative analysis of published evidence.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 564A-565A
• 450 Williams R. Global challenges in liver disease.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 521-526
• 451 Wintermeyer P, Gerner P, Gehring S. et al . Prevalence of hepatitis B virus precore stop codon mutations in chronically infected children.  World J Gastroenterol. 2006;  12 2235-2238
• 452 Wismans P, Hattum van J, Stelling T. et al . Effect of supplementary vaccination in healthy non-responders to hepatitis B vaccination.  Hepatogastroenterology. 1988;  35 78-79
• 453 Wit F W, Weverling G J, Weel J. et al . Incidence of and risk factors for severe hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral combination therapy.  J Infect Dis. 2002;  186 23-31
• 454 Wolters L M, Nunen A B, Honkoop van P. et al . Lamivudine-high dose interferon combination therapy for chronic hepatitis B patients co-infected with the hepatitis D virus.  J Viral Hepat. 2000;  7 428-434
• 455 Wong D K, Cheung A M, O’Rourke K. et al . Effect of alpha-interferon treatment in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. A meta-analysis.  Ann Intern Med. 1993;  119 312-323
• 456 Wong D K, Yim C, Naylor C D. et al . Interferon alfa treatment of chronic hepatitis B: randomized trial in a predominantly homosexual male population.  Gastroenterology. 1995;  108 165-171
• 457 Wong V W, Chan H L, Wong M L. et al . Clinical course after stopping lamivudine in chronic hepatitis B patients with lamivudine-resistant mutants.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;  19 323-329
• 458 World Health Organisation . Hepatitis Delta. Electronic Citation.  2001;  , http://www.who.int/csr/
• 459 World Health Organisation.  Hepatitis B. Electronic Citation. 2002;  , http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/HepatitisB_whocdscsrlyo2002_2.pdf
• 460 Wursthorn K, Buggisch P, Lutgehetmann M. et al . Temporary HBV resolution in an HIV-coinfected patient during HBV-directed combination therapy followed by relapse of HBV.  Antivir Ther. 2006;  11 647-652
• 461 Wursthorn K, Lutgehetmann M, Dandri M. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2b plus adefovir induce strong cccDNA decline and HBsAg reduction in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 675-684
• 462 Yang B, Zhang B, Xu Y. et al . Prospective study of early detection for primary liver cancer.  J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1997;  123 357-360
• 463 Yang H I, Lu S N, Liaw Y F. et al . Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.  N Engl J Med. 2002;  347 168-174
• 464 Yao F Y, Terrault N A, Freise C. et al . Lamivudine treatment is beneficial in patients with severely decompensated cirrhosis and actively replicating hepatitis B infection awaiting liver transplantation: a comparative study using a matched, untreated cohort.  Hepatology. 2001;  34 411-416
• 465 Yeo W, Chan P K, Ho W M. et al . Lamivudine for the prevention of hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis B s-antigen seropositive cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy.  J Clin Oncol. 2004;  22 927-934
• 466 Yeo W, Chan P K, Zhong S. et al . Frequency of hepatitis B virus reactivation in cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy: a prospective study of 626 patients with identification of risk factors.  J Med Virol. 2000;  62 299-307
• 467 Yeo W, Johnson P J. Diagnosis, prevention and management of hepatitis B virus reactivation during anticancer therapy.  Hepatology. 2006;  43 209-220
• 468 Yeo W, Steinberg J L, Tam J S. et al . Lamivudine in the treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during cytotoxic chemotherapy.  J Med Virol. 1999;  59 263-269
• 469 Yeo W, Zee B, Zhong S. et al . Comprehensive analysis of risk factors associating with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy.  Br J Cancer. 2004;  90 1306-1311
• 470 Yu A S, Vierling J M, Colquhoun S D. et al . Transmission of hepatitis B infection from hepatitis B core antibody-positive liver allografts is prevented by lamivudine therapy.  Liver Transpl. 2001;  7 513-517
• 471 Yuen M F, Sablon E, Hui C K. et al . Factors associated with hepatitis B virus DNA breakthrough in patients receiving prolonged lamivudine therapy.  Hepatology. 2001;  34 785-791
• 472 Yurdaydin C, Bozkaya H, Gurel S. et al . Famciclovir treatment of chronic delta hepatitis.  J Hepatol. 2002;  37 266-271
• 473 Yurdaydin C, Wedemeyer H, Zachou K. et al . A multicenter randomised study comparing the efficacy of pegylated interferon-alfa-2a plus adefovir dipivoxil vs. pegylated interferon-alfa-2a plus placebo vs. adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of chronic delta hepatitis.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 230A
• 474 Zanetti A R, Mariano A, Romano L. et al . Long-term immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccination and policy for booster: an Italian multicentre study.  Lancet. 2005;  366 1379-1384
• 475 Zarski J P, Bohn B, Bastie A. et al . Characteristics of patients with dual infection by hepatitis B and C viruses.  J Hepatol. 1998;  28 27-33
• 476 Zavaglia C, Severini R, Tinelli C. et al . A randomized, controlled study of thymosin-alpha1 therapy in patients with anti-HBe, HBV-DNA-positive chronic hepatitis B.  Dig Dis Sci. 2000;  45 690-696
• 477 Zignego A L, Fontana R, Puliti S. et al . Impaired response to alpha interferon in patients with an inapparent hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus coinfection.  Arch Virol. 1997;  142 535-544
• 478 Zollner B, Schafer P, Feucht H H. et al . Correlation of hepatitis B virus load with loss of e antigen and emerging drug-resistant variants during lamivudine therapy.  J Med Virol. 2001;  65 659-663
• 479 Zoulim F. New insight on hepatitis B virus persistence from the study of intrahepatic viral cccDNA.  J Hepatol. 2005;  42 302-308
• 480 Zuccotti G V, Cucchi C, Gracchi V. et al . A 1-year trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B in children.  J Int Med Res. 2002;  30 200-202
• 481 Zylberberg H, Jiang J, Pialoux G. et al . Alpha-interferon for chronic active hepatitis B in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.  Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1996;  20 968-971