Int J Sports Med 2007; 28(8): 673-677
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-964887
Training & Testing

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Influence of Testing Sequence on a Child's Ability to Achieve Maximal Anaerobic and Aerobic Power

J. L. Andreacci1 , L. Haile1 , C. Dixon2
  • 1Department of Exercise Science, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, PA, United States
  • 2Department of Health Science, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, PA, United States
Further Information

Publication History

accepted after revision July 19, 2006

Publication Date:
13 April 2007 (online)

Abstract

The aim of the study was to examine the order of testing sequence on a child's ability to achieve maximal anaerobic and aerobic power. Thirty-two children (20 females, 12 males) between 7 - 11 years of age participated in this study. All subjects were tested on three separate occasions as follows: anaerobic power session - Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) only; aerobic power session - maximal oxygen consumption (V·O2max) test only; and experimental session - WAnT followed by a V·O2max test (WAnT/V·O2max) or a V·O2max test followed by a WAnT (V·O2max/WAnT), each with 20 minutes of rest between the assessments. No significant differences were observed between the baseline WAnT or V·O2max between the two groups. No significant differences were observed for WAnT power values in either group regardless of testing sequence. Children in the WAnT/V·O2max group had significantly lower experimental V·O2max (38.6 ± 7.6 vs. 40.6 ± 7.4 mL · kg-1 · min-1; p < 0.05), RER (1.10 ± 0.08 vs. 1.13 ± 0.07; p < 0.05), and exercise time (472 ± 87 vs. 511 ± 79 s; p < 0.01) values when compared to the baseline V·O2max test. The results of this study indicate that when assessing a child's anaerobic and aerobic power during the same testing session, the testing sequence is of importance. However, it appears that a V·O2max test can be performed 20 minutes prior to the WAnT without affecting anaerobic power in children.

References

  • 1 Andreacci J L, Robertson R J, Dubé J J, Aaron D J, Balasekaran G, Arslanian S A. Comparison of maximal oxygen consumption between black and white prepubertal and pubertal children.  Pediatr Res. 2004;  56 706-713
  • 2 Armstrong N, Welsman J R, Kirby B J. Performance on the Wingate Anaerobic Test and maturation.  Pediatr Exerc Sci. 1997;  9 253-261
  • 3 Åstrand P O, Rodahl K. (eds) .Textbook of Work Physiology. New York; McGraw-Hill 1986: 332
  • 4 Ball G DC, Marshall J D, McCargar L J. Physical activity, aerobic fitness, self-perception, and dietary intake in at risk of overweight and normal weight children.  Can J Diet Prac Res. 2005;  66 162-169
  • 5 Bar-Or O. The Wingate Anaerobic Test - an update on methodology, reliability, and validity.  Sports Med. 1987;  4 381-394
  • 6 Beneke R, Hütler M, Jung M, Leithäuser R M. Modeling the blood lactate kinetics at maximal short-term exercise conditions in children, adolescents, and adults.  J Appl Physiol. 2005;  99 499-504
  • 7 Bogdanis G C, Nevill M E, Boobis L H, Lakomy H KA. Contribution of phosphocreatine and aerobic metabolism to energy supply during repeated sprint exercise.  J Appl Physiol. 1996;  80 876-884
  • 8 Carlson J, Naughton G. Performance characteristics of children using various braking resistances on the Wingate Anaerobic Test.  J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1994;  34 362-369
  • 9 Chia M, Armstrong N, Childs D. The assessment of children's anaerobic performance using modifications of the Wingate Anaerobic Test.  Pediatr Exerc Sci. 1997;  9 80-89
  • 10 Cumming G R, Everatt D, Hastman L. Bruce treadmill test in children: normal values in a clinic population.  Am J Cardiol. 1978;  41 69-75
  • 11 Eisenmann J C, Katzmarzyk P T, Perusse L, Tremblay A, Després J P, Bouchard C. Aerobic fitness, body mass index, and CVD risk factors among adolescents: the Québec family study.  Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2005;  29 1077-1083
  • 12 Eriksson B O, Gollnick P D, Saltin B. Muscle metabolism and enzyme activities after training in boys 11 - 13 years old.  Acta Physiol Scand. 1973;  87 485-497
  • 13 Eriksson B O, Karlsson J, Saltin B. Muscle metabolites during exercise in pubertal boys.  Acta Paediatr Scand. 1971;  217 (Suppl) 154-157
  • 14 Eriksson B O, Saltin B. Muscle metabolism during exercise in boys aged 11 to 16 years compared to adults.  Acta Paediatr Belg. 1974;  28 (Suppl) 257-265
  • 15 Falk B, Bar-Or O. Longitudinal changes in peak aerobic and anaerobic mechanical power of circumpubertal boys.  Pediatr Exerc Sci. 1993;  5 318-331
  • 16 Gollnick P D, Armstrong R B, Saubert C W, Piehl K, Saltin B. Enzyme activity and fiber composition in skeletal muscle of untrained and trained men.  J Appl Physiol. 1972;  33 312-319
  • 17 Gutin B, Islam S, Manos T, Cucuzzo N, Smith C, Stachura M E. Relation of percentage of body fat and maximal aerobic capacity to risk factors for atherosclerosis and diabetes in black and white seven- to eleven-year-old children.  J Pediatr. 1994;  125 847-852
  • 18 Hill D W, Smith J C. Calculation of aerobic contribution during high intensity exercise.  Res Q Exerc Sport. 1992;  63 85-88
  • 19 Inbar O, Bar-Or O. Anaerobic characteristics in male children and adolescents.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1986;  18 264-269
  • 20 Inbar O, Bar-Or O, Skinner J S. (eds) .The Wingate Anaerobic Test. Champaign, IL; Human Kinetics 1996: i-94
  • 21 Inbar O, Dotan R, Bar-Or O. Aerobic and anaerobic component of a thirty-second supramaximal cycling test.  Med Sci Sports. 1976;  8 51
  • 22 Johnson M S, Figueroa-Colon R, Herd S L, Fields D A, Sun M, Hunter G R, Goran M I. Aerobic fitness, not energy expenditure, influences subsequent increase in adiposity in black and white children.  Pediatrics. 2000;  106 E50
  • 23 Kaczor J J, Ziolkowski W, Popinigis J, Tarnopolsky M A. Anaerobic and aerobic enzyme activities in human skeletal muscle from children and adults.  Pediatr Res. 2005;  57 331-335
  • 24 Karlsson J. Muscle ATP, CP and lactate in submaximal and maximal exercise. Pernow B, Saltin B Muscle Metabolism During Exercise. New York; Plenum Press 1971: 383-393
  • 25 Kavanagh M F, Jacobs I. Breath-by-breath oxygen consumption during performance of the Wingate Test.  Can J Sport Sci. 1988;  13 91-93
  • 26 Krahenbuhl G, Skinner J, Kohrt W. Developmental aspects of maximal aerobic power in children.  Exerc Sports Sci Rev. 1985;  13 503-538
  • 27 Rivera-Brown A M, Alvarez M, Rodriguez-Santana J R, Benetti P J. Anaerobic power and achievement of VO2 plateau in pre-pubertal boys.  Int J Sports Med. 2001;  22 111-115
  • 28 Robertson R J, Goss F L, Boer N F, Peoples J A, Foreman A J, Dabayebeh I M, Millich N B, Balasekaran G, Riechman S E, Gallagher J D, Thompkins T. Children's OMNI scale of perceived exertion: mixed gender and race validation.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;  32 452-458
  • 29 Rotstein A, Dotan R, Bar-Or O, Tenenbaum G. Effect of training on anaerobic threshold, maximal aerobic power and anaerobic performance of preadolescent boys.  Int J Sports Med. 1986;  7 281-286
  • 30 Savage M P, Petratis M, Thomson W H. Exercise training effects on serum lipids of prepubertal boys and adult men.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1986;  18 197-204
  • 31 Serresse O, Lortie G, Bouchard C, Boulay M R. Estimation of the various energy systems during maximal work of short duration.  Int J Sports Med. 1988;  9 456-460
  • 32 Stoedefalke K, Armstrong N, Kirby B J, Welsman J R. Effect of training on peak oxygen uptake and blood lipids in 13 to 14-year-old girls.  Acta Paediatr. 2000;  89 1290-1294
  • 33 Suminski R R, Ryan N D, Poston C S, Jackson A S. Measuring aerobic fitness of Hispanic youth 10 to 12 years of age.  Int J Sports Med. 2004;  25 61-67
  • 34 Trowbridge C A, Gower B A, Nagy T R, Hunter G R, Treuth M S, Goran M I. Maximal aerobic capacity in African-American and Caucasian prepubertal children.  Am J Physiol. 1997;  273 E809-E814
  • 35 Williams C A, Armstrong N, Powell J. Aerobic responses of prepubertal boys to two modes of training.  Br J Sports Med. 2000;  34 168-173
  • 36 Wirth A, Trager E, Scheele K, Mayer D, Diehm K, Reisckle K, Weicker H. Cardiopulmonary adjustment and metabolic responses to maximal and submaximal exercise of boys and girls at different stages of maturity.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1978;  39 229-240

Ph.D. Joseph L. Andreacci

Department of Exercise Science
Bloomsburg University
130 Centennial Hall

400 East Second Street

17815 Bloomsburg, PA

United States

Phone: + 1 (570) 3 89 53 40

Fax: + 1 (570) 3 89 50 47

Email: jandreac@bloomu.edu