Abstract
Obesity is considered to be epidemic worldwide. Stopping further progression interdisciplinary, outpatient intervention therapy programs for obese children have become increasingly important. FITOC (Freiburg Intervention Trial for Obese Children) consists of a combination of organized sports, behavioral therapy and nutritional advice. The effectiveness of the therapy is determined on the basis of anthropometrical and physical performance data. The purpose of this report is to give a differentiated view of the motor abilities of obese children and to describe changes in the course of the therapy program FITOC. Data were collected on n = 49 obese children (BMI > 97th percentile) aged 8 - 12 in a pretest at the beginning and posttest at the end of the intensive phase of the therapy. These data were compared with an age-matched German reference group. Besides the General Sports-Motor Test (Allgemeiner Sportmotorischer Test [AST]), the BMI-SDS values, the body fat mass (FM %) and the aerobic capacity (Watt/kg body weight) were recorded. In the pretest, the running exercise results and the aerobic capacity checked ranged significantly below the values of the reference group. The performance in the coordinative tests of the AST was differentiated. The medicine-ball toss was significantly above average of the reference group. In the posttest, the BMI‐SDS values and the body fat mass (% FM) decreased (p < 0.001) and the aerobic capacity improved (p < 0.001). Performance in all motor abilities tests improved and the difference between the strength of the obese children and the strength of the reference group decreased. This study demonstrates that in obese children weight-bearing activities are below average but not all motor abilities.
Key words
obesity in childhood - outpatient intervention - motor abilities - physical activity
References
-
1
Bar-Or O.
Physical activity and physical training in childhood obesity.
J Sports Med Phys Fitness.
1993;
33
323-329
-
2
Berg A, Halle M, Bauer S, Korsten-Reck U, Keul J.
Körperliche Aktivität und Ernährungsverhalten: Strategien zur Verbesserung des Lipidprofils bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. [Physical activity and eating behavior: strategies for improving the serum lipid profile of children and adolescents].
Wien Med Wochenschr.
1994;
144
138-144
-
3
Bös K.
AST 6 - 11 Allgemeiner sportmotorischer Test für Kinder von 6 - 11 Jahren.
Haltung und Bewegung.
2000;
20
5-16
-
4
Bös K.
Motorische Tests.
Sportpraxis.
2003;
43
-
5
Celi F, Bini V, De Giorgi G, Molinari D, Faraoni F, Di Stefano G, Bacosi M L, Berioli M G, Contessa G, Falorni A.
Epidemiology of overweight and obesity among school children and adolescents in three provinces of central Italy, 1993 - 2001: study of potential influencing variables.
Eur J Clin Nutr.
2003;
57
1045-1051
-
6
Cole T J, Green P J.
Smoothing reference centile curves: the LMS method and penalized likelihood.
Stat Med.
1992;
11
1305-1319
-
7
Deforche B, Lefevre J, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Hills A P, Duquet W, Bouckaert J.
Physical fitness and physical activity in obese and nonobese Flemish youth.
Obes Res.
2003;
11
434-441
-
8
Dietz W H.
Health consequences of obesity in youth: childhood predictors of adult disease.
Pediatrics.
1998;
101
518-525
-
9
Dietz W H.
Overweight in childhood and adolescence.
N Engl J Med.
2004;
350
855-857
-
10
Drinkard B, McDuffie J, McCann S, Uwaifo G I, Nicholson J, Yanovski J A.
Relationships between walk/run performance and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents who are overweight.
Phys Ther.
2001;
81
1889-1896
-
11
Foger M, Bart G, Rathner G, Jager B, Fischer H, Zollner-Neussl D.
Körperliche Aktivität, Ernährungsberatung und psychologische Führung in der Behandlung von übergewichtigen Kindern. Eine kontrollierte Follow-up-Studie über 6 Monate. [Physical activity, nutritional counseling and psychological guidance in treatment of obese children. A controlled follow-up study over six months].
Monatsschr Kinderheilkd.
1993;
141
491-497
-
12
Graf C, Koch B, Kretschmann-Kandel E, Falkowski G, Christ H, Coburger S, Lehmacher W, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Platen P, Tokarski W, Predel H G, Dordel S.
Correlation between BMI, leisure habits and motor abilities in childhood (CHILT-project).
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.
2004;
28
22-26
-
13
Griffiths M, Payne P R, Stunkard A J, Rivers J P, Cox M.
Metabolic rate and physical development in children at risk of obesity.
Lancet.
1990;
336
76-78
-
14
Grund A, Dilba B, Forberger K, Krause H, Siewers M, Rieckert H, Muller M J.
Relationships between physical activity, physical fitness, muscle strength and nutritional state in 5- to 11-year-old children.
Eur J Appl Physiol.
2000;
82
425-438
-
15 Hebebrand J, Bös K. Umgebungsfaktoren - Körperliche Aktivität. Wabitsch M et al. Adipositas bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Heidelberg; Springer Verlag 2005
-
16
Hubert H B, Feinleib M, McNamara P M, Castelli W P.
Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study.
Circulation.
1983;
67
968-977
-
17
Johnson M S, Figueroa-Colon R, Herd S L, Fields D A, Sun M, Hunter G R, Goran M I.
Aerobic fitness, not energy expenditure, influences subsequent increase in adiposity in black and white children.
Pediatrics.
2000;
106
E50
-
18
Kimm S Y, Obarzanek E.
Childhood obesity: a new pandemic of the new millennium.
Pediatrics.
2002;
110
1003-1007
-
19 Klaes L, Rommel A, Cosler D, Zens Y. WIAD-Studie: Bewegungsstatus von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland. Eine Analyse des wissenschaftlichen Instituts der Ärzte Deutschlands e.V. Bonn; DSB 2001
-
20
Klesges R C, Klesges L M, Eck L H, Shelton M L.
A longitudinal analysis of accelerated weight gain in preschool children.
Pediatrics.
1995;
95
126-130
-
21
Korsten-Reck U, Kromeyer-Hauschild K, Wolfarth B, Dickhuth H H, Berg A.
Freiburg Intervention Trial for Obese Children (FITOC): results of a clinical observation study.
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.
2005;
29
356-361
-
22
Korsten-Reck U, Rudloff C, Kayser R, Esser K J, Grupe M, Emunds U, Kromeyer-Hauschild K, Rucker G, Wolfarth B, Berg A.
Das Freiburger Interventionsprogramm für die ambulante Therapie von Übergewicht im Kindesalter. [Freiburg intervention program for ambulatory therapy of obesity in childhood (FITOC)].
Versicherungsmedizin.
2002;
54
21-25
-
23
Kromeyer-Hauschild K, Wabitsch M, Kunze D.
Perzentile für den Body-Mass-Index für das Kinder- und Jugendalter unter Heranziehung verschiedener deutscher Stichproben.
Monatsschr Kinderheilkd.
2001;
149
807-818
-
24
Largo R H, Prader A.
Pubertal development in Swiss boys.
Helv Paediatr Acta.
1983;
38
211-228
-
25
Largo R H, Prader A.
Pubertal development in Swiss girls.
Helv Paediatr Acta.
1983;
38
229-243
-
26
McGill Jr H C, McMahan C A, Herderick E E, Zieske A W, Malcom G T, Tracy R E, Strong J P.
Obesity accelerates the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in young men.
Circulation.
2002;
105
2712-2718
-
27
Minck M R, Ruiter L M, Van Mechelen W, Kemper H C, Twisk J W.
Physical fitness, body fatness, and physical activity: The Amsterdam Growth and Health Study.
Am J Human Biol.
2000;
12
593-599
-
28
Okely A D, Booth M L, Chey T.
Relationships between body composition and fundamental movement skills among children and adolescents.
Res Q Exerc Sport.
2004;
75
238-247
-
29
Owens S, Gutin B, Allison J, Riggs S, Ferguson M, Litaker M, Thompson W.
Effect of physical training on total and visceral fat in obese children.
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
1999;
31
143-148
-
30
Reybrouck T, Vinckx J, Van den B G, Vanderschueren-Lodeweyckx M.
Exercise therapy and hypocaloric diet in the treatment of obese children and adolescents.
Acta Paediatr Scand.
1990;
79
84-89
-
31
Schwimmer J B, Burwinkle T M, Varni J W.
Health-related quality of life of severely obese children and adolescents.
JAMA.
2003;
289
1813-1819
-
32
Sinha R, Fisch G, Teague B, Tamborlane W V, Banyas B, Allen K, Savoye M, Rieger V, Taksali S, Barbetta G, Sherwin R S, Caprio S.
Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity.
N Engl J Med.
2002;
346
802-810
-
33
Slaughter M H, Lohman T G, Boileau R A, Horswill C A, Stillman R J, Van Loan M D, Bemben D A.
Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth.
Hum Biol.
1988;
60
709-723
-
34
Sothern M S.
Exercise as a modality in the treatment of childhood obesity.
Pediatr Clin North Am.
2001;
48
995-1015
-
35
Strong W B, Malina R M, Blimkie C J, Daniels S R, Dishman R K, Gutin B, Hergenroeder A C, Must A, Nixon P A, Pivarnik J M, Rowland T, Trost S, Trudeau F.
Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth.
J Pediatr.
2005;
146
732-737
-
36
Tolfrey K, Campbell I G, Jones A M.
Selected predictor variables and the lipid-lipoprotein profile of prepubertal girls and boys.
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
1999;
31
1550-1557
-
37
Wabitsch M, Kunze D, Keller E, Kiess W, Kromeyer-Hauschild K.
[Obesity in children and adolescents in Germany. Significant and persistent increase of prevalence. Appeal to treatment].
Fortschr Med Orig.
2002;
120
99-106
-
38 World Health Organisation .WHO technical report. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. WHO report of a WHO consulting. No. 894. Geneva, Switzerland; WHO Library 2000
PD Dr. Ulrike Korsten-Reck
Rehabilitative and Preventive Sports Medicine
Medical Center University of Freiburg
Hugstetterstraße 55
79106 Freiburg
Germany
Phone: + 49 76 12 70 74 77
Fax: + 49 76 12 70 74 70
Email: ulrike.korsten-reck@uniklinik-freiburg.de
