Zusammenfassung
Fragestellung: Die Entwicklung neuer Methoden der Follikelaspiration in Kombination mit innovativen Techniken zur In-vitro-Kultur unreifer Oozyten (In-vitro-Maturation, IVM) eröffnet die interessante Perspektive der Gewinnung multipler Eizellen zur assistierten Reproduktion unter Verzicht auf eine hochdosierte Hormonbehandlung und damit vollständiger Vermeidung des Risikos eines ovariellen Überstimulationssyndroms. Das Ziel der IVM ist die Reifung von Eizellen vom Germinalvesikelstadium zur Metaphase der zweiten meiotischen Reifungsteilung in vitro unter Verzicht auf eine hochdosierte Gonadotropinstimulation. Im Rahmen einer Machbarkeitsstudie wurde diese neue Technik an der Universitätsfrauenklinik Lübeck etabliert und evaluiert. Material und Methodik: Beim vorgestellten Kollektiv wurde ein einheitliches Behandlungsprotokoll mit niedrig dosiertem Gonadotropinpriming sowie einer Ovulationsinduktion bei Erreichen einer Leitfollikelgröße von 10 - 12 mm angewandt. Alle kleinen antralen Follikel wurden mittels hoch auflösendem Ultraschall aspiriert, gewonnene Kumulus-Oozytenkomplexe über 24 - 32 h kultiviert und mittels intrazytoplasmatischer Spermatozoeninjektion (ICSI) fertilisiert. Falls vorhanden, wurden 3 Embryonen unter kombinierter Östrogen- und Progesterongabe zur Lutealphasensubstitution transferiert. Der hCG-Nachweis im Serum erfolgte 12 bis 14 Tage nach Transfer. Bestandteil der Aufklärung war die Durchführung eines neuropädiatrischen Nachsorgeprogramms der nach IVM geborenen Kinder. Ergebnisse: Wir führten insgesamt 81 Follikelpunktionen bei 77 Patientinnen mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 34,3 ± 4,8 Jahren durch. Im Mittel konnten 8,9 ± 6,1 Eizellen pro Punktion aspiriert werden, die Maturationsrate betrug 56,0 % und die regelrechte Fertilisationsrate 45 %. In 57 Zyklen (70,3 %) erfolgte ein Embryotransfer. Insgesamt wurden 7 klinische Schwangerschaften erzielt, davon endete eine als Frühabort in der 9. SSW. Aus diesem Kollektiv stammt auch das erste IVM-Kind, das in Deutschland geboren wurde. Schlussfolgerung: Die Daten belegen die Machbarkeit des Verfahrens. Dessen Effizienz ist allerdings noch gering. Es ist zu erwarten, dass sich die noch junge Methode der In-vitro-Maturation langfristig zu einer sinnvollen Ergänzung der konventionellen assistierten Reproduktion entwickeln wird.
Abstract
Purpose: The development of new methods for follicle aspiration in combination with innovative culture techniques for immature oocytes (in-vitro maturation, IVM) offers interesting perspectives for assisted reproduction. IVM aims at maturing oocytes from the germinal vesicle stage to the metaphase II stage in vitro, avoiding intensive ovarian hyperstimulation. This new technique was established and evaluated in a feasibility study at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University Hospital of Lübeck. Material and Methods: The study population was treated in accordance with a uniform protocol with low dose FSH priming and ovulation induction until the leading follicle reached a diameter between 10 - 12 mm. All antral follicles were aspirated using high resolution ultrasound. Retrieved cumulus-enclosed oocytes were matured for 24 - 32 hours in vitro and fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). If available 3 embryos were transferred and a combined estradiol plus progesterone scheme was administered for luteal phase substitution. Serum hCG was determined 12 to 14 days later. A neuropediatric follow-up of all children born was part of the study. Results: A total of 81 follicle aspirations was performed in 77 patients with a mean age of 34.3 ± 4.8 years. A mean of 8.9 ± 6.1 oocytes was retrieved per aspiration. The maturation rate was 56.0 %; regular fertilization occurred in 45 %. An embryo transfer was performed in 57 cases (70.3 %). 7 clinical pregnancies were obtained, one ended as an early abortion in the 9th gestational week. The first German IVM birth derives from this study population. Conclusion: The data confirms the feasibility of IVM - however its efficacy is still low. In the long term it is expected that IVM will become an additional option in conventional assisted reproduction.
Schlüsselwörter
assistierte Reproduktion - ovarielle Stimulation - Oozyte - In‐vitro‐Maturation
Key words
assisted reproduction - ovarian stimulation - oocyte - in‐vitro maturation
Literatur
1
Steptoe P C, Edwards R G.
Birth after reimplantation of a human embryo (letter).
The Lancet.
1978;
2
366
2
Lopata A, Brown J B, Leeton J F.
In vitro fertilization of preovulatory oocytes and embryo transfer in infertile patients treated with clomiphene and human chorionic gonadotrophin.
Fertil Steril.
1978;
30
27-35
3
Johnston I, Lopata A, Speirs A.
In vitro fertilization: the challenge of the eighties.
Fertil Steril.
1981;
36
699-706
4
Jones Jr H W, Jones G S, Andrews M.
The program for in vitro fertilization at Norfolk.
Fertil Steril.
1982;
38
14-21
5
Chun S Y, Eisenhauer K M, Minami S, Billig H, Perlas E, Hsueh A JW.
Hormonal regulation of apoptosis in early antral follicles: follicle-stimulating hormone as a major survival factor.
Endocrinology.
1996;
137
1447-1456
6
Beerendonk C CM, van Dop P A, Braat D DM, Merkus J MWM.
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: facts and fallacies.
Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey.
1998;
53
439-449
7
Kissler S, Siebzehnrübl E, Kaufmann M.
Von der Pathophysiologie und Prävention des ovariellen Überstimulationssyndroms (OHSS) bis zur stadiengerechten Therapie.
Geburtsh Frauenheilk.
2002;
62
1155-1161
8
Binder H, Emran J, Müller A, Cupisti S, Dittrich R, Beckmann M W.
Evaluation der OHSS-Patientinnen an der Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen von 2000 - 2004.
Geburtsh Frauenheilk.
2006;
67
9
von Otte S, Schöpper B, Diedrich K, Al Hassani S.
Lessons learned from introducing an in-vitro maturation programme into clinical practice.
RBMonline.
2005;
10
75-82
10
Plachot M.
Maturation ovocytaire in vitro dans l'espace humaine.
Contracept Fertil and Sex.
1999;
7
434-439
11
Strassburger D, Komarovky D, Bern O.
The outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in immature (M1) oocytes with or without In-vitro-Maturation.
Human Reprod.
1999;
14
6
12
Edwards R G.
Maturation in vitro of human ovarian oocytes.
The Lancet.
1965;
2
926-929
13
Cha K Y, Koo J J, Ko J J.
Pregnancy after in vitro fertilization of human follicular oocytes collected from nonstimulated cycles, their culture in vitro and their transfer in a donor oocyte program.
Fertil Steril.
1991;
55
109-113
14
Trounson A, Wood C, Kaunsche A.
In-vitro-Maturation and fertilization and developmental competence of oocytes recovered from untreated polycystic ovarian patients.
Fertil Steril.
1994;
62
353-362
15
Chian R C, Buckett W M, Tan S L.
In-vitro-Maturation of human oocytes.
RBMOnline.
2004;
8
148-166
16
Fauser C JM. The Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-sponsored PCOS consensus workshop group .
Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Hum Reprod.
2004;
19
41-47
17
Chang M Y, Chiang C H, Chiu T H, Hsieh T T, Soong Y K.
The antral follicle count predicts the outcome of pregnancy in a controlled ovarian hyperstimulation/intrauterine insemination program.
Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics.
1998;
15
12-17
18
Palermo G, Joris H, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem A C.
Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte.
Lancet.
1992;
340
17-18
19 Deutsches IVF Register, Jahrbuch 2005. Bundesgeschäftsstelle Bad Segeberg, IVF-Register. 2006
20
Heijnen E M, Eijkemans M J, Hughes E G, Laven J S, Macklon N S, Fauser B C.
A meta-analysis of outcomes of conventional IVF in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Hum Reprod Update.
2006;
12
13-21
21
Tummon I, Gavrilova-Jordan L, Allemand M C, Session D.
Polycystic ovaries and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a systematic review.
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.
2005;
84
611-616
22
Papanikolaou E G, Platteau P, Albano C, Nogueira D, Cortvrindt R, Devroey P, Smitz J.
Immature oocyte in-vitro maturation: clinical aspects.
Reprod Biomed Online.
2005;
10
587-592
23
Mikkelsen A L, Smith S D, Lindenberg S.
In-vitro maturation of human oocytes from regularly menstruating women may be successful without follicle stimulating hormone priming.
Hum Reprod.
1999;
14
1847-1851
24
Jurema M W, Nogueira D.
In vitro maturation of human oocytes for assisted reproduction.
Fertil Steril.
2006;
86
1277-1291
25 von Wolff M, Strowitzki T, Diedrich K, von Otte S. In-vitro-Maturation menschlicher Eizellen. Felberbaum R, Bühler K, van der Ven H Das Deutsche IVF-Register 1996 - 2006. Springer Verlag 2007: 137-146
26 von Wolff M. Universitätsfrauenklinik Heidelberg, persönliche Mitteilung.
27
Yoon H G, Yoon S H, Son W Y, Lee S W, Park S P, Im K S.
Pregnancies resulting from in vitro matured oocytes collected from women with regular menstrual cycle.
J Assist Reprod Genet.
2001;
18
325-329
28
Mikkelsen A L, Smith S, Lindenberg S.
Impact of oestradiol and inhibin A concentrations on pregnancy rate in in-vitro oocyte maturation.
Hum Reprod.
2000;
15
1685-1690
29
Mikkelsen A L, Andersson A M, Skakkebaek N E, Lindenberg S.
Basal concentrations of oestradiol may predict the outcome of in-vitro maturation in regularly menstruating women.
Hum Reprod.
2001;
16
862-867
30
Mikkelsen A L, Smith S D, Lindenberg S.
In-vitro maturation of human oocytes from regularly menstruating women may be successful without follicle stimulating hormone priming.
Hum Reprod.
1999;
14
1847-1851
31
Cha K Y, Chian R C.
Maturation in vitro of immature human oocytes for clinical use.
Human Reproduction Update.
1998;
4
103-120
32
Wynn P, Picton H M, Krapez J A, Rutherford A J, Balen A H, Gosden R G.
Pretreatment with follicle stimulating hormone promotes the numbers of human oocytes reaching metaphase II by in-vitro maturation.
Human Reproduction.
1998;
13
3132-3138
33
Chian R C, Buckett W M, Tulandi T, Tan S L.
Prospective randomized study of human chorionic gonadotrophin priming before immature oocyte retrieval from unstimulated women with polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Human Reproduction.
2000;
15
165-170
34
McGee E, Hsueh A.
Initial and cyclic recruitment of ovarian follicles.
Endocrine Reviews.
2000;
21
200-214
35
Mikkelsen A L, Host E, Blaabjerg J, Lindenberg S.
Maternal serum supplementation in culture medium benefits maturation of immature human oocytes.
Reproductive BioMedicine Online.
2001;
3
112-116
36
Mikkelsen A L, Lindenberg S.
Benefit of FSH priming of women with PCOS to the In-vitro-Maturation procedure and the outcome: a randomized prospective study.
Reproduction.
2001;
122
587-592
37
Chian R C, Buckett W M, Jalil A KH, Son W Y, Sylvestre C, Rao D, Tan S L.
Natural-cycle in vitro fertilization combined with in-vitro-maturation of immature oocytes is a potential approach in infertility treatment.
Fertil Steril.
2004;
82
1676-1678
38
Thornton M H, Francis M M, Paulson R J.
Immature oocyte retrieval: lessons from unstimulated IVF cycles.
Fertil Steril.
1998;
70
647-650
39 Torre A, Achour-Frydman N, Feyereisen E, Fanchin R, Frydman R. How do we improve implantation rate following in-vitro maturation of oocytes? . Tal SL, Chian RC, Buckett WM In-vitro Maturation of Human Oocytes. informa healthcare 2007: 319-332
40 Russel J B. In vitro oocyte maturation - human aspects. Wolf DP, Zellinski-Wooten M Contemporary Endocrinology: Assisted Fertilization and Nuclear Transfer in Mammals. Humana Press 2001: 67-79
41
Smitz J, Picton H M, Platteau P, Rutherford A, Cortvrindt R, Clyde J, Nogueira D, Devroey P, Lyby K, Grondahl C.
Principal findings from a multicenter trial investigating the safety of follicular-fluid meiosis-activating sterol for in-vitro-maturation of human cumulus-enclosed oocytes.
Fertil Steril.
2006;
4
949-964
42 Buckett N. Pregnancy and neonatal outcome following IVM. Tan SL, Chian RC, Buckett WM In-vitro Maturation of Human Oocytes. informa healthcare 2007: 313-319
43
Dal Canto.
IVM - The first choice of IVF in Italy.
RBMOnline.
2006;
13
159-165
44
Eppig J J, O'Brien M.
Development in vitro of mouse oocytes from primordial follicles.
Biol Reprod.
1996;
54
197-207
45
Gosden R G.
Current perspective on primordial follicle crypreservation and culture for reproductive medicine.
Hum Reprod Update.
2002;
8
105-110
46
Cortvrindt R, Smitz J.
In vitro follicle growth: achievements in mammalian species.
Reprod Dom Anim.
2001;
36
3-9
Dr. med. Sören von Otte
Klinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe Bereich für Reproduktionsmedizin und gynäkologische Endokrinologie Universität Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck
Ratzeburger Allee 160
23538 Lübeck
eMail: svonotte@gmx.de