ABSTRACT
Traumatic injuries involving the foot and ankle are very common. With the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its unsurpassed ability for soft tissue characterization, its utility in the investigation of these patients with foot and ankle trauma has rapidly expanded over the last decade. MRI has the unique capability to evaluate osseous, ligamentous, tendinous, and muscular injuries about the foot and ankle, with a single imaging study. MRI also allows for characterization of injury based on known biomechanical patterns. Injuries to specific soft tissue structures such as the Lisfranc and Spring ligaments can be accurately assessed on MRI when the imager considers both direct and indirect or supportive findings, allowing appropriate therapeutic intervention and rehabilitation.
KEYWORDS
REFERENCES
-
1
Frey C, Bell J, Teresi L, Kerr R, Feder K.
A comparison of MRI and clinical examination of acute lateral ankle sprains.
Foot Ankle Int.
1996;
17
533-537
-
2
Zoga A C, Schweitzer M E.
Imaging sports injuries of the foot and ankle.
Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am.
2003;
11
295-310
-
3
Labovitz J M, Schweitzer M E.
Occult osseous injuries after ankle sprains: incidence, location, pattern, and age.
Foot Ankle Int.
1998;
19
661-667
-
4
Smith R W, Bradley W G.
Occult osseous injuries after ankle sprains: incidence, location, pattern, and age.
Foot Ankle Int.
1999;
20
399
-
5
Tochigi Y, Yoshinaga K, Wada Y, Moriya H.
Acute inversion injury of the ankle: magnetic resonance imaging and clinical outcomes.
Foot Ankle Int.
1998;
19
730-734
-
6
Hepple S, Winson I G, Glew D.
Osteochondral lesions of the talus: a revised classification.
Foot Ankle Int.
1999;
20
789-793
-
7
Mengiardi B, Pfirrmann C W, Zanetti M.
MR imaging of tendons and ligaments of the midfoot.
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol.
2005;
9
187-198
-
8
Elias I, Jung J W, Raikin S M, Schweitzer M W, Carrino J A, Morrison W B.
Osteochondral lesions of the talus: change in MRI findings over time in talar lesions without operative intervention and implications for staging systems.
Foot Ankle Int.
2006;
27
157-166
-
9
Sopov V, Liberson A, Groshar D.
Bilateral distal tibial osteochondral lesion: a case report.
Foot Ankle Int.
2001;
22
901-904
-
10
Quill Jr G E.
Fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal.
Orthop Clin North Am.
1995;
26
353-361
-
11
Potter H G, Deland J T, Gusmer P B, Carson E, Warren R F.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the Lisfranc ligament of the foot.
Foot Ankle Int.
1998;
19
438-446
-
12
DeLee J C, Evans J P, Julian J.
Stress fracture of the fifth metatarsal.
Am J Sports Med.
1983;
11
349-353
-
13
Ashman C J, Klecker R J, Yu J S.
Forefoot pain involving the metatarsal region: differential diagnosis with MR imaging.
Radiographics.
2001;
21
1425-1440
-
14
Bureau N J, Cardinal E, Hobden R, Aubin B.
Posterior ankle impingement syndrome: MR imaging findings in seven patients.
Radiology.
2000;
215
497-503
-
15
Wang X T, Rosenberg Z S, Mechlin M B, Schweitzer M E.
Normal variants and diseases of the peroneal tendons and superior peroneal retinaculum: MR imaging features.
Radiographics.
2005;
25
587-602
-
16
Liu S H, Jason W J.
Lateral ankle sprains and instability problems.
Clin Sports Med.
1994;
13
793-809
-
17
Lynch S A, Renstrom P A.
Treatment of acute lateral ankle ligament rupture in the athlete. Conservative versus surgical treatment.
Sports Med.
1999;
27
61-71
-
18
Khoury N J, el-Khoury G Y, Saltzman C L, Kathol M H.
Peroneus longus and brevis tendon tears: MR imaging evaluation.
Radiology.
1996;
200
833-841
-
19
Boytim M J, Fischer D A, Neumann L.
Syndesmotic ankle sprains.
Am J Sports Med.
1991;
19
294-298
-
20
Hopkinson W J, St P P, Ryan J B, Wheeler J H.
Syndesmosis sprains of the ankle.
Foot Ankle.
1990;
10
325-330
-
21
Boon A J, Smith J, Zobitz M E, Amrami K M.
Snowboarder's talus fracture. Mechanism of injury.
Am J Sports Med.
2001;
29
333-338
-
22
Funk J R, Srinivasan S C, Crandall J R.
Snowboarder's talus fractures experimentally produced by eversion and dorsiflexion.
Am J Sports Med.
2003;
31
921-928
-
23
Khoury N J, el-Khoury G Y, Saltzman C L, Brandser E A.
Rupture of the anterior tibial tendon: diagnosis by MR imaging.
AJR Am J Roentgenol.
1996;
167
351-354
-
24
Mengiardi B, Zanetti M, Schottle P B et al..
Spring ligament complex: MR imaging-anatomic correlation and findings in asymptomatic subjects.
Radiology.
2005;
237
242-249
-
25
Taniguchi A, Tanaka Y, Takakura Y, Kadono K, Maeda M, Yamamoto H.
Anatomy of the spring ligament.
J Bone Joint Surg Am.
2003;
85-A
2174-2178
-
26
Toye L R, Helms C A, Hoffman B D, Easley M, Nunley J A.
MRI of spring ligament tears.
AJR Am J Roentgenol.
2005;
184
1475-1480
-
27
Yao L, Gentili A, Cracchiolo A.
MR imaging findings in spring ligament insufficiency.
Skeletal Radiol.
1999;
28
245-250
-
28
Borton D C, Saxby T S.
Tear of the plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament causing flatfoot. A case report.
J Bone Joint Surg Br.
1997;
79
641-643
-
29
Chen J P, Allen A M.
MR diagnosis of traumatic tear of the spring ligament in a pole vaulter.
Skeletal Radiol.
1997;
26
310-312
-
30
Mantas J P, Burks R T.
Lisfranc injuries in the athlete.
Clin Sports Med.
1994;
13
719-730
-
31
Trevino S G, Kodros S.
Controversies in tarsometatarsal injuries.
Orthop Clin North Am.
1995;
26
229-238
-
32
Allen L R, Flemming D, Sanders T G.
Turf toe: ligamentous injury of the first metatarsophalangeal joint.
Mil Med.
2004;
169
xix-xxiv
-
33
Clanton T O, Ford J J.
Turf toe injury.
Clin Sports Med.
1994;
13
731-741
-
34
Jennings D, Gissane C.
Turf-toe: super league toe.
Br J Sports Med.
1997;
31
164
-
35
Mohana-Borges A V, Theumann N H, Pfirrmann C W, Chung C B, Resnick D L, Trudell D J.
Lesser metatarsophalangeal joints: standard MR imaging, MR arthrography, and MR bursography-initial results in 48 cadaveric joints.
Radiology.
2003;
227
175-182
-
36
Rodeo S A, Warren R F, O'Brien S J, Pavlov H, Barnes R, Hanks G A.
Diastasis of bipartite sesamoids of the first metatarsophalangeal joint.
Foot Ankle.
1993;
14
425-434
-
37
Biedert R, Hintermann B.
Stress fractures of the medial great toe sesamoids in athletes.
Foot Ankle Int.
2003;
24
137-141
Adam C ZogaM.D.
Assistant Professor of Radiology, Director of Musculoskeletal MRI, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
132 South 10th Street, 10 Main, Radiology, Philadelphia, PA 19107
