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DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-980137
Ventilator induzierter Zwerchfellschaden
Ventilator-Induced Diaphragmatic Dysfunction (VIDD)Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
20. November 2007 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Maschinelle Beatmung bedeutet in vielen Fällen eine lebenserhaltende Maßnahme, nicht selten stellen sich aber auch beatmungsbedingte Schädigungen ein. Seit Jahren stehen beatmungsinduzierte Schäden der Lunge im klinischen und wissenschaftlichen Fokus. Kürzlich konnte im Tiermodell eine Beeinträchtigung der Atmungsmuskulatur, die als Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD) bezeichnet wird, nachgewiesen werden. Die Schädigung des Zwerchfells nimmt mit der Dauer der maschinellen Beatmung zu und ist unter kontrollierter Beatmung stärker ausgeprägt als unter assistierter Beatmung. Verschiedene Mechanismen wie Zwerchfellmuskelatrophie, oxidativer Stress, strukturelle Schäden und Transformation von Muskelfasern können, wie im Tiermodell gezeigt, zur VIDD führen. Obwohl die meisten über einen längeren Zeitraum mechanisch beatmeten Patienten eine Atmungsmuskelschwäche aufweisen, fehlt bisher die Evidenz für die Existenz einer VIDD bei kritisch kranken beatmeten Patienten. Begleitende Grunderkrankungen (z. B. critical illness polyneuropathy), Infektionen und Medikamente führen ebenfalls zur Zwerchfelldysfunktion, so dass die Differenzierung von VIDD als Ursache für eine vorliegende Zwerchfellmuskelschwäche bei fehlenden spezifischen Messmethoden schwierig ist. Bei der Reinform einer VIDD handelt es sich somit bisher um eine Ausschlussdiagnose. Aufgrund pathophysiologischer Überlegungen könnten assistierte Beatmungsmodi, Antioxidantien und Stimulation des N. phrenicus vorbeugende Maßnahmen bzw. therapeutische Optionen darstellen.
Abstract
Although life-saving, mechanical ventilation is associated with numerous complications. Recently, it was shown in animal models that controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) can cause the so-called ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD). The decrease in diaphragmatic strength proceeds along with prolonged mechanical ventilation. The decrease in diaphragmatic force occurs during CMV rather than during assisted modes of ventilation. Different mechanisms may cause VIDD: muscle atrophy, oxidative stress, structural injury and muscle fibre remodelling have been demonstrated in animal models. Although most critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation show profound diaphragmatic weakness, clear evidence supporting the existence of VIDD is still lacking. Since VIDD is particularly caused by comorbidity, a series of other factors may lead to diaphragmatic dysfunction. Whether or not VIDD causes weaning failure is difficult to decide since other reasons may also cause respiratory muscle weakness. However, based on pathophysiology, treatment options may be assisted mechanical ventilation, administration of antioxidative agents or stimulation of the phrenic nerve.
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Dr. med. Klaus Schild
Abteilung für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin, Ev. Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende,
Standort Lenglern
Pappelweg 5
37120 Bovenden-Lenglern
eMail: klaus.schild@t-online.de