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DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-982057
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Antiepileptika-induzierte Osteopathie
Formen, Pathogenese, Prophylaxe, Früherkennung,TherapieAED-induced osteopathySubtypes, pathogenesis, prevention, early diagnosis and treatmentPublikationsverlauf
eingereicht: 5.3.2007
akzeptiert: 14.6.2007
Publikationsdatum:
22. Juni 2007 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Die Literatur hinsichtlich des Langzeiteffektes von Antiepileptika (AEDs) auf die Knochengesundheit, die Knochendichte, den Vitamin-D-Stoffwechsel und das Frakturrisiko zeigt erhebliche methodische Einschränkungen der Studien. Trotz dieser Problematik ist klar zu erkennen, dass Patienten mit Epilepsie unter AEDs ein höheres Risiko für Knochenschwund, Mineralisationsstörungen und Frakturen aufweisen. Ein Patient unter AED-Langzeittherapie hat ein 2 - 3faches Frakturrisiko, und 50 % (4 - 70 % in Studien) dieser Patienten weisen eine Osteopathie auf. Art, Dosierung und Dauer der antiepileptischen Therapie - und dies gilt für enzyminduzierende wie nicht-enzyminduzierende Medikamente - bestimmen das Bild der Osteopathie. Davon sind die Enzyminduktoren Phenytoin, Primidon, Phenobarbital und Carbamazepin besonders gründlich hinsichtlich des Vitamin-D-Metabolismus untersucht worden. Knochenschwund wird aber auch ohne Nachweis eines Vitamin-D-Mangels beobachtet. Mischformen von Osteoporose und Osteomalazie sind besonders häufig zu beobachten und in einer differenzierten Therapie zu berücksichtigen. Noch nicht beantwortet ist die Frage, ob den modernen AEDs wie z. B. Lamotrigin, Gabapentin oder Levetiracetam ein geringeres bzw. kein Osteopathie-Risiko zukommt. Eine initiale Diagnostik einschließlich der preiswerten DXA-Messung und des 25-OHD-Serumspiegels zur Beurteilung der Ausgangssituation der Knochengesundheit ist - vergleichbar mit der Situation bei Langzeitgabe systemischer Glukokortikoide - zu fordern. Neben einer differenzierten und klar definierten Behandlung der Osteopathie muss bei Patienten mit Epilepsie besonders auf die Minimierung der Sturzneigung und der Anfälle geachtet werden.
Die jährlichen Kosten für eine ausreichende Vitamin-D-Substitution betragen etwa 50 EUR, eine Bisphosphonattherapie kostet etwa 500 EUR jährlich. Dem gegenüber stehen die Kosten der Wirbel- und Vorderarm-Frakturen von etwa 1000 EUR und des Oberschenkels von etwa 15 000 EUR pro Jahr. Dabei sind die Kosten der Rehabilitation, der Pflege und des Arbeitsausfalls nicht mit berücksichtigt. So betrachtet ist die AED-induzierte Osteopathie ein unterschätztes Problem, das heute eigentlich als vermeidbar und - falls bereits vorliegend - nach den neuen DVO-Leitlinien als effektiv und kostengünstig behandelbar einzustufen ist. Voraussetzung für eine rationale Therapie ist eine klare diagnostische Abgrenzung der Osteoporose von der Osteomalazie, wobei auch häufig Mischformen zu beobachten sind („Osteoporomalazie”). Weitere Untersuchungen der neueren AEDs (z. B. Gabapentin, Lamotrigin oder Levetiracetam) hinsichtlich einer knochenschädigenden Langzeitwirkung sind nötig. Eine systematische Kontrolle der Knochengesundheit bei allen Patienten mit Langzeittherapie unter AEDs wird aber schon heute trotz teils unbefriedigender und fehlender Studienlage ohne Einschränkung empfohlen.
Abstract
Published reports of studies on the long-term effects of anti-epileptic drugs (AED) on bone - its density, thickness, vitamin D metabolism and risk of fracture - have shown considerable methodological inadequacies (34). Despite these problems it has been clearly shown that patients with epilepsy who are on anti-epileptic drugs have a greater than normal risk of bone loss, abnormal mineralization and fractures. A patient on long-term treatment with AED has a two- to three-fold risk of sustaining a fracture. On average 50% of patients (ranging from 4-70% in different studies [18]) have an osteopathy (34). Type, dosage and duration of AED treatment determine the exact picture of the osteopathy - regardless of whether or not they are enzyme-inducing. Among the enzyme-inducing drugs, especially phenytoin, primidone, phenobarbital and carbamezapine have been investigated for their influence on vitamin D metabolism. Bone loss has also been noted even without evidence of vitamin D deficiency. Mixed forms of osteoporosis and osteomalacia occur particularly often and must be taken into account in any differentiated form of treatment. But the question remains unanswered whether current AEDs, such as lamotrigine, gabapentin or levetiracetam will cause little or no osteopathy. Comparable to the situation during long-term systemic administration of glucocorticoids, initial diagnosis, including the inexpensive dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and the serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, must be obtained to determine whether initially there are any bone changes. In addition to a differentiated and clearly defined treatment of osteopathy in a patient with epilepsy, the aim must be to minimize the tendency towards seizures and their severity.
The annual cost of adequate vitamin D substitution is about EUR 50, while biphosphonate treatment costs about EUR 500; the costs of vertebral or forearm fractures are about EUR 1000 and those of hip fracture about EUR 15000. These figures exclude the costs of rehabilitation, nursing care and loss of earnings. Looked at in this way, the problem of AED-induced osteopathy has been underestimated. Yet it is actually preventable and - if already present - can be efficaciously and inexpensively treated when the new guidelines of the (German) Joint Organization of Osteology are followed. The prerequisite of rational treatment is a diagnostically clear distinction of osteoporosis and osteomalacia, but mixed forms are common. ("osteoporomalacia"). Further investigations of more recently developed AEDs (e.g. gabapentin, lamotrigine or levetiracetam) regarding their damaging action on bone during their long-term administration is essential. Systematic control of the state of bones in all patients on long-term treatment with AEDs is nowadays recommended without qualification, even though some study data are unsatisfactory or even lacking.
Schlüsselwörter
Epilepsie - Antiepileptika - Osteopathie - Pathogenese - Diagnostik - DXA-Messung - Management - Medikamente
Key words
epilepsy - antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) - osteopathy - pathogenesis - diagnosis - DXA-Measurement - management - drugs
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Prof. Dr. med. Reiner Bartl
Leiter des Bayerischen Osteoporosezentrums der Universität München - Grosshadern
81366 München
Telefon: 089/70952520
Fax: 089/70955514
eMail: Reiner.Bartl@med.uni-muenchen.de