ABSTRACT
Our objective was (1) to evaluate total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) in women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) compared with healthy pregnant controls, and (2) to explore any possible relationship between oxidative stress and clinical severity of the disease. Fifty-three women with NVP and 35 healthy pregnant women were enrolled in the study. Of these 53 women, 25 women were classified as mild and 28 women were classified with moderate/severe NVP. The severity of the disease was assessed by Rhodes' index. Plasma levels of TOS and TAS were determined by using automated methods. TOS was significantly higher and TAS was significantly lower in women with NVP (p < 0.0001, for both). The moderate/severe NVP group had higher levels of TOS and lower levels of TAS than the women with mild NVP (p < 0.0001, for both). Moreover, Rhodes' index showed positive correlation with TOS (r = 0.563; p < 0.0001) and negative correlation with TAS (r = -0.595; p < 0.0001). These findings indicate that oxidative stress is increased in NVP. There was a strong relationship between oxidative stress and the clinical severity of the disease. Therefore, we suggest that the levels of TOS and TAS can be used as additional markers in the diagnosis and clinical severity of NVP.
KEYWORDS
Oxidative stress - nausea and vomiting - pregnancy - clinical severity
REFERENCES
-
1
Broussard C N, Richter J E.
Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.
Gastroenterol Clin North Am.
1998;
27
123-147
-
2
Weigel M M, Weigel R M.
Nausea and vomiting of early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. An epidemiological study.
Br J Obstet Gynaecol.
1989;
96
1304-1311
-
3
Goodwin T M.
Hyperemesis gravidarum.
Clin Obstet Gynecol.
1998;
41
597-605
-
4
Hod M, Orvieto R, Kaplan B, Friedman S, Ovadia J.
Hyperemesis gravidarum. A review.
J Reprod Med.
1994;
39
605-612
-
5
Rhodes V A, Watson P, Johnson M.
Development of reliable and valid measures of nausea and vomiting.
Cancer Nurs.
1984;
7
33-41
-
6
O'Brien B, Zhou O.
Variables related to nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
Birth.
1995;
22
93-100
-
7
O'Brien B, Relyea M J, Taerum T.
Efficacy of P6 acupressure in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1996;
174
708-715
-
8
Agarwal A, Gupta S, Sikka S.
The role of free radicals and antioxidants in reproduction.
Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol.
2006;
18
325-332
-
9
van Stuijvenberg M E, Schabort I, Labadarios D, Nel J T.
The nutritional status and treatment of patients with hyperemesis gravidarum.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1995;
172
1585-1591
-
10
Fait V, Sela S, Ophir E et al..
Hyperemesis gravidarum is associated with oxidative stress.
Am J Perinatol.
2002;
19
93-98
-
11
Koren G, Magee L, Attard C et al..
A novel method for the evaluation of the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.
2001;
94
31-36
-
12
Erel O.
A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status.
Clin Biochem.
2005;
38
1103-1111
-
13
Erel O.
A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation.
Clin Biochem.
2004;
37
277-285
-
14
Perkins A V.
Endogenous anti-oxidants in pregnancy and preeclampsia.
Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol.
2006;
46
77-83
-
15
Djordjevic A, Spasic S, Jovanovic-Galovic A, Djordjevic A, Grubor-Lajsic G.
Oxidative stress in diabetic pregnancy: SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activity and lipid peroxidation products.
J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.
2004;
16
367-372
-
16
Gupta P, Narang M, Banerjee B D, Basu S.
Oxidative stress in term small for gestational age neonates born to undernourished mothers; a case control study.
BMC Pediatr.
2004;
4
14
-
17
Jenkins C, Wilson R, Roberts J, Miller H, McKillop J H, Walker J J.
Antioxidants: their role in pregnancy and miscarriage.
Antioxid Redox Signal.
2000;
2
623-628
-
18
Glenville M.
Nutritional supplements in pregnancy: commercial push or evidence based?.
Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol.
2006;
18
642-647
-
19
Chiossi G, Neri I, Cavazzuti M, Basso G, Facchinetti F.
Hyperemesis gravidarum complicated by Wernicke encephalopathy: background, case report, and review of the literature.
Obstet Gynecol Surv.
2006;
61
255-268
-
20
Welsh A.
Hyperemesis, gastrointestinal and liver disorders in pregnancy.
Curr Obstet Gynaecol.
2005;
15
123-131
-
21
Robinson J N, Anerjee R, Thiet M P.
Coagulopathy secondary to vitamin K deficiency in hyperemesis gravidarum.
Obstet Gynecol.
1998;
92
673-675
-
22
Anlasik T, Sies H, Griffiths H R, Mecocci P, Stahl W, Polidori M C.
Dietary habits are major determinants of the plasma antioxidant status in healthy elderly subjects.
Br J Nutr.
2005;
94
639-642
-
23
Masalkar P D, Abhang S A.
Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in patients with alcoholic liver disease.
Clin Chim Acta.
2005;
355
61-65
-
24
Jain S K, McVie R, Bocchini Jr J A.
Hyperketonemia (ketosis), oxidative stress and type 1 diabetes.
Pathophysiology.
2006;
13
163-170
-
25
Kitabchi A E, Stentz F B, Umpierrez G E.
Diabetic ketoacidosis induces in vivo activation of human T-lymphocytes.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun.
2004;
5;315
404-407
-
26
Kuscu N K, Koyuncu F.
Hyperemesis gravidarum: current concepts and management.
Postgrad Med J.
2002;
78
76-79
-
27
Magee L A, Redman C W.
An N-of-1 trial for treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum.
Br J Obstet Gynaecol.
1996;
103
478-480
-
28
Wright J V.
Therapy of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1984;
149
107
-
29
Merkel R L.
The use of menadione bisulfite and ascorbic acid in the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy; a preliminary report.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1952;
64
416-418
Dr. Fatma Ferda Verit
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Harran University, Faculty of Medicine
Arastirma ve Uygulama Hastanesi, Tr-63100 Sanliurfa, Turkey
