Int J Sports Med 2008; 29(10): 856-863
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-989424
Immunology

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Post-160-km Race Illness Rates and Decreases in Granulocyte Respiratory Burst and Salivary IgA Output are Not Countered by Quercetin Ingestion

D. Henson1 , D. Nieman2 , J. M. Davis3 , C. Dumke2 , S. Gross2 , A. Murphy3 , M. Carmichael3 , D. P. Jenkins1 , J. Quindry2 , S. McAnulty2 , L. McAnulty4 , A. Utter2 , E. Mayer3
  • 1Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States
  • 2Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States
  • 3Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
  • 4Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

accepted after revision November 15, 2007

Publikationsdatum:
22. Januar 2008 (online)

Abstract

This study measured the influence of the flavonoid quercetin on immune changes and incidence rates of upper respiratory tract infections in ultramarathoners competing in the 160-km Western States Endurance Run. Sixty-three runners were randomized to quercetin and placebo groups, and under double-blinded methods ingested 1000 mg/day quercetin for 3 wks before, during, and 2 wks after the race. Thirty-nine of the 63 subjects (n = 18 for quercetin, n = 21 for placebo) finished the race and provided blood and saliva samples the morning before the race and 15 – 30 min postrace. Upper respiratory tract infections were assessed during the week before and the 2-wk period after the race using an illness symptom checklist. Race times did not differ significantly between quercetin and placebo groups. Significant pre- to postrace decreases were measured for natural killer cells (43 %), granulocyte respiratory burst activity (55 %), and salivary IgA output (48 %), and increases for neutrophil (288 %) and monocyte (211 %) cell counts, with no significant group differences. Postrace illness rates did not differ between groups. In conclusion, quercetin supplementation for 3 wks before and 2 wks after the Western States Endurance Run had no effect on illness rates, perturbations in leukocyte subset counts, or decreases in granulocyte respiratory burst activity and salivary IgA.

References

  • 1 Álvarez P, Alvarado C, Puerto M, Schlumberger A, Jiménez L, De la Fuente M. Improvement of leukocyte functions in prematurely aging mice after five weeks of diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich cereals.  Nutrition. 2006;  22 913-921
  • 2 Bruunsgaard H, Hartkopp A, Mohr T, Konradsen H, Heron I, Mordhorst C H, Pederson B K. In vivo cell-mediated immunity and vaccination response following prolonged, intense exercise.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;  29 1176-1181
  • 3 Cho S-Y, Park S-J, Kwon M-J, Jeong T-S, Bok S-H, Choi W-Y, Jeong W-I, Ryu S Y, Do S-H, Lee C-S, Song J-C, Jeong K-S. Quercetin suppresses proinflammatory cytokine production through MAP kinases and NF-κB pathway in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage.  Mol Cell Biochem. 2003;  243 153-160
  • 4 Comalada M, Ballester I, Bailón E, Sierra S, Xaus J, Gálvez J, Sánchez de Medina F, Zarzuelo A. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory markers in primary bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages by naturally occurring flavonoids: analysis of the structure-activity relationship.  Biochem Pharmacol. 2006;  72 1010-1021
  • 5 Comalada M, Camuesco D, Sierra S, Ballester I, Xaus J, Gálvez J, Zarzuelo A. In vivo quercitrin anti-inflammatory effect involves release of quercetin, which inhibits inflammation through down-regulation of the NF-κB pathway.  Eur J Immunol. 2005;  35 584-592
  • 6 Cushnie T P, Lamb A J. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids.  Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005;  26 343-356
  • 7 Dias A S, Porawski M, Alonso M, Marroni N, Collado P S, González-Gallego J. Quercetin decreases oxidative stress, NF-κB activation, and iNOS overexpression in liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.  J Nutr. 2005;  135 2299-2304
  • 8 Dill D B, Costill D L. Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration.  J Appl Physiol. 1974;  37 247-248
  • 9 Dimova S, Mugabowindekwe R, Willems T, Brewster M E, Noppe M, Ludwig A, Jorissen M, Augustijns P. Safety-assessment of 3-methoxyquercetin as an antirhinoviral compound for nasal application: effect on ciliary beat frequency.  Int J Pharm. 2003;  263 95-103
  • 10 Exon J H, Magnuson B A, South E H, Hendrix K. Dietary quercetin, immune functions and colonic carcinogenesis in rats.  Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 1998;  20 173-190
  • 11 García-Mediavilla V, Crespo I, Collado P S, Esteller A, Sánchez-Campos S, Tunón M J, González-Gallego J. The anti-inflammatory flavones quercetin and kaempferol cause inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and reactive C-protein, and down-regulation of the nuclear factor kappaB pathway in Chang Liver cells.  Eur J Pharmacol. 2007;  557 221-229
  • 12 Gleeson M. Immune system adaptation in elite athletes.  Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2006;  9 659-665
  • 13 Ishii K, Furuta T, Kasuya Y. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of quercetin in human plasma and urine utilizing solid-phase extraction and ultraviolet detection.  J Chromatography. 2003;  794 49-56
  • 14 Kumar P, Sharma S, Khanna M, Raj H G. Effect of quercetin on lipid peroxidation and changes in lung morphology in experimental influenza virus infection.  Int J Exp Path. 2003;  84 127-133
  • 15 Li X, Stark G R. NF-κB-dependent signaling pathways.  Exp Hematol. 2002;  30 285-296
  • 16 Lyu S Y, Rhim J Y, Park W B. Antiherpetic activities of flavonoids against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) and type 2 (HSV‐2) in vitro.  Arch Pharm Res. 2005;  28 1293-1301
  • 17 MacRae H SH, Mefferd K M. Dietary antioxidant supplementation combined with quercetin improves cycling time trial performance.  Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006;  16 405-419
  • 18 Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Rémésy C, Jiménez L. Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;  79 727-747
  • 19 Manach C, Williamson G, Morand C, Scalbert A, Rémésy C. Bioavailability and bioefficiency of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;  81 230S-242S
  • 20 Middleton E. Effect of plant flavonoids on immune and inflammatory cell function.  Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;  439 175-182
  • 21 Murota K, Terao J. Antioxidative flavonoid quercetin: implication of its intestinal absorption and metabolism.  Arch Biochem Biophys. 2003;  417 12-17
  • 22 Nair M PN, Kandaswami C, Mahajan S, Chadha K C, Chawda R, Nair H, Kumar N, Nair R E, Schwartz S A. The flavonoid, quercetin, differentially regulates Th-1 (IFN-γ) and Th-2 (IL4) cytokine gene expression by normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells.  Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002;  1593 29-36
  • 23 Nair M P, Mahajan S, Reynolds J L, Aalinkeel R, Nair H, Schwartz S A, Kandaswami C. The flavonoid quercetin inhibits proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha) gene expression in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells via modulation of the NF-κB system.  Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2006;  13 319-328
  • 24 Nam N H. Naturally occurring NF-kappaB inhibitors.  Mini Rev Med Chem. 2006;  6 945-951
  • 25 Nieman D C. Exercise effects on systemic immunity.  Immunol Cell Biol. 2000;  78 496-501
  • 26 Nieman D C, Bishop N C. Nutritional strategies to counter stress to the immune system in athletes, with special reference to football.  J Sports Sci. 2006;  24 763-772
  • 27 Nieman D C, Dumke C L, Henson D A, McAnulty S R, Gross S J, Lind R L. Muscle damage is linked to cytokine changes following a 160-km race.  Brain Behav Immun. 2005;  19 398-403
  • 28 Nieman D C, Henson D A, Davis J M, Dumke C L, Gross S J, Jenkins D P, Murphy E A, Carmichael M D, Quindry J C, McAnulty S R, McAnulty L S, Utter A C, Mayer E P. Quercetin ingestion does not alter cytokine changes in athletes competing in the Western States Endurance Run.  J Interferon Cytokine Res.
  • 29 Nieman D C, Henson D A, Dumke D L, Lind R H, Shooter L R, Gross S J. Relationship between salivary IgA secretion and upper respiratory tract infection following a 160-km race.  J Sports Med Phys Fit. 2006;  46 158-162
  • 30 Nieman D C, Henson D A, Gross S J, Jenkins D P, Davis J M, Murphy E A, Carmichael M D, Dumke C L, Utter A C, McAnulty S R, McAnulty L S, Mayer E P. Quercetin reduces illness but not immune perturbations after intensive exercise.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;  39 1561-1569
  • 31 Peake J M. Exercise-induced alterations in neutrophil degranulation and respiratory burst activity: possible mechanisms of action.  Exerc Immunol Rev. 2002;  8 49-100
  • 32 Peake J, Wilson G, Hordern M, Suzuki K, Yamaya K, Nosaka K, Mackinnon L, Coombes J S. Changes in neutrophil surface receptor expression, degranulation, and respiratory burst activity after moderate- and high-intensity exercise.  J Appl Physiol. 2004;  97 612-618
  • 33 Plaper A, Golob M, Hafner I, Oblak M, Šolmajer T, Jerala R. Characterization of quercetin binding site on DNA gyrase.  Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;  306 530-536
  • 34 Rangan G K, Wang Y, Tay Y C, Harris D C. Inhibition of NFkappa B activation with antioxidants is correlated with reduced cytokine transcription in PTC.  Am J Physiol. 1999;  277 (5 Pt 2) F779-F789
  • 35 Sampson L, Rimm E, Hollman P C, de Vries J H, Katan M B. Flavonol and flavone intakes in US health professionals.  J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;  102 1414-1420
  • 36 Shin J E, Kim J M, Bae E A, Hyun Y J, Kim D H. In vitro inhibitory effect of flavonoids on growth, infection and vacuolation of Helicobacter pylori.  Planta Med. 2005;  71 197-201
  • 37 Suzuki K, Nakaji S, Yamada M, Liu Q, Kurakake S, Okamura N, Kumae T, Umeda T, Sugawara K. Impact of a competitive marathon race on systemic cytokine ad neutrophil responses.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;  35 348-355
  • 38 Suzuki K, Nakaji S, Yamada M, Totsuka M, Sato K, Sugawara K. Systemic inflammatory response to exhaustive exercise. Cytokine kinetics.  Exerc Immunol Rev. 2002;  8 6-48
  • 39 Urso M L, Clarkson P M. Oxidative stress, exercise and antioxidant supplementation.  Toxicology. 2003;  189 41-54
  • 40 Vrijsen R, Everaert L, Boeyé A. Antiviral activity of flavones and potentiation by ascorbate.  J Gen Virol. 1988;  69 1749-1751
  • 41 Wadsworth T L, McDonald T L, Koop D R. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced signaling pathways involved in the release of tumor necrosis factor-α.  Biochem Pharmacol. 2001;  62 963-974
  • 42 Zhou L, Li D, Wang J, Liu Y, Wu J. Antibacterial phenolic compounds from the spines of Gleditsia simensis.  Lam Nat Prod Res. 2007;  21 283-291

Dr. Dru Henson

Appalachian State University
Department of Biology

IG Greer 201, CAS

Boone, North Carolina 28608

United States

Telefon: + 1 82 82 62 30 78

Fax: + 1 82 82 62 48 91

eMail: hensonda@appstate.edu