Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-991027
Perianal Crohn's Disease
Publication History
Publication Date:
16 October 2007 (online)
ABSTRACT
Crohn's disease is commonly complicated by perianal manifestations. The surgeon plays a pivotal role in caring for these patients; a detailed history along with a thorough clinical exam provides the treating physician with invaluable information upon which to base further investigations and management decisions. Other than abscess drainage, medical management to control proximal disease often precedes any surgical attempt to cure the disease. Surgical interventions are indicated in selective patients, but are often complicated by poor wound healing and recurrences. A sizable percentage of these patients may need a proctectomy.
KEYWORDS
Crohn's disease - perianal - fistula
REFERENCES
- 1 Crohn B B, Ginzburg L, Oppenheimer G D. Regional éleitis, a pathological and clinical entity. JAMA. 1932; 99 1323-1329
- 2 Penner A, Crohn B B. Perianal fistulae as a complication of regional ileitis. Ann Surg. 1938; 108 867-873
- 3 Sangwan Y P, Schoetz Jr D J, Murray J J, Robgrts P L, Coller J A. Perianal Crohn's disease. Results of local surgical treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996; 39 529-535
- 4 Lockhart-Mummery H E. Symposium. Crohn's disease: anal lesions. Dis Colon Rectum. 1975; 18 200-202
- 5 Singh B, McC Mortensen N J, Jewell DP, George B. Perianal Crohn's disease. Br J Surg. 2004; 91 801-814
- 6 Hellers G, Bergstrand O, Ewerti S, Holmstrom B. Occurrence and outcome after primary treatment of`anal fistulae in Cohn's disease. Gut. 1980; 21 525-527
- 7 Williams D R, Coller J A, Corman M L, Nugent F W, Veidenheimer M C. Anal complications in Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1981; 24 22-24
-
8 Alabaz O, Weiss E G.
Anorectal Crohn's disease . In: Beck D, Wexner SD Fundamentals of Anorectal Surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA; WB Saunders 1999: 498-509 - 9 Hughes L E. Surgical pathology and management of anorectal Crohn's disease. J R Soc Med. 1978; 71 644-651
- 10 Hughes L E. Clinical classification of perianal Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1992; 35 928-932
- 11 Irvine E J. Usual therapy improves perianal Crohn's disease as measured by a new disease activity index. McMaster IBD Study Group. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1995; 20 27-32
- 12 Pikarsky A J, Gervaz P, Wexner S D. Perianal Crohn disease: a new scoring system to evaluate and predict outcome of surgical intervention. Arch Surg. 2002; 137 774-777 discussion 778
- 13 Schwartz D A, Wiersema M J, Dudiak K M et al.. A comparison of endoscopic ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and exam under anesthesia for evaluation of Crohn's perianal fistulae. Gastroenterology. 2001; 121 1064-1072
- 14 Person B, Wexner S D. Management of perianal Crohn's disease. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2005; 8(3) 197-209
- 15 Keighley M R, Allan R N. Current status and influence of operation on perianal Crohn's disease. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1986; 1 104-107
- 16 Sandborn W J, Fazio V W, Feagan B G, Hanauer S B. American Gastroenterological Association Clinical Practice Committee. AGA technical review on perianal Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2003; 125(5) 1508-1530
- 17 Jeffery P J, Parks A G, Ritchie J K. Treatment of haemorrhoids in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet. 1977; 1 1084-1085
- 18 Wolkomir A F, Luchtefeld M A. Surgery for symptomatic hemorrhoids and anal fissures in Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993; 36 545-547
- 19 Fleshner P R, Schoetz Jr D J, Roberts P L, Murray J J, Coller J A, Veidenheimer M C. Anal fissure in Crohn's disease. A plea for aggressive management. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995; 38 1137-1143
- 20 Sweeney J L, Ritchie J K, Nicholls R J. Anal fissure in Crohn's disease. Br J Surg. 1988; 75 56-57
- 21 Makowiec F, Jehle E C, Becker H D, Starlinger M. Perianal abscess in Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997; 40 443-450
- 22 Parks A G, Gordon P H, Hardcastle J D. A classification of fistula-in-ano. Br J Surg. 1976; 63 1-12
- 23 West R L, Van der Woude C J, Endtz H P et al.. Perianal fistulae in Crohn's disease are predominantly colonized by skin flora: implication for antibiotic treatment. Dig Dis Sci. 2005; 50 1260-1263
- 24 Bernstein L H, Frank M S, Brandt L J, Boley S J. Healing of perineal Crohn's disease with metronidazole. Gastroenterology. 1980; 79 357-365
- 25 Brandt L J, Bernstein L H, Boley S J, Frank M S. Metronidazole therapy for perineal Crohn's disease: a follow-up study. Gastroenterology. 1982; 83 383-387
- 26 West R L, Van der Woude C J, Hansen B E et al.. Clinical and endosonographic effect of ciprofloxacin on treatment of perianal fistulae in Crohn's disease with infliximab: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004; 20(11-12) 1329-1336
- 27 Present D H, Korelitz B I, Wisch N, Glass J L, Sachar D B, Pasternack B S. Treatment of Crohn's disease with 6-mercaptopurine. A long-term, randomized, double-blind study. N Engl J Med. 1980; 302 981-987
- 28 Pearson D C, May G R, Fick G H, Sutherland L R. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in Crohn disease. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1995; 123 132-142
- 29 Lecomte T, Contou J F, Beaugerie L et al.. Predictive factors of response of perianal Crohn's disease to azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003; 46 1469-1475
- 30 Present D H, Lichtiger S. Efficacy of cyclosporine in treatment of fistula of Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1994; 39 374-380
- 31 Sandborn W J, Present D H, Isaacs K L et al.. Tacrolimus for the treatment of fistulae in patients with Crohn's disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2003; 125 380-388
- 32 Present D H, Rutgeerts P, Targan S et al.. Infliximab for the treatment of fistulae in patients with Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340 1398-1405
- 33 Sands B E, Anderson F H, Bernstein C N et al.. Infliximab maintenance therapy for fistulizing Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350 876-885
- 34 Ochsenkuhn T, Goke B, Sackmann M. Combining infliximab with 6-mercaptopurine/azathioprine for fistula therapy in Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002; 97 2022-2025
- 35 Rasul I, Wilson S R, MacRae H, Irwin S, Greenberg G R. Clinical and radiological responses after infliximab treatment for perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004; 99(1) 82-88
- 36 Van Assche G, Vanbeckevoort D, Bielen D et al.. Magnetic resonance imaging of the effect of infliximab on perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003; 98(2) 332-339
- 37 Poggioli G, Laureti S, Pierangeli F et al.. Local injection of infliximab for the treatment of perianal Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005; 48(4) 768-774
-
38 Alexander-Williams J.
Perianal Crohn's disease . In: Weterman IT, Pena AS, Booth CC The management of Crohn's disease, Proceedings of the Workshop on Crohn's disease. Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Excerpta Medica 1976: 239-244 - 39 Williams J G, Rothenberger D A, Nemer F D, Goldberg S M. Fistula- in-ano in Crohn's disease. Results of aggressive surgical treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991; 34 378-384
- 40 Sangwan Y P, Schoetz Jr D J, Murray J J, Roberts P L, Coller J A. Perianal Crohn's disease. Results of local surgical treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996; 39 529-535
- 41 Levien D H, Surrell J, Mazier W P. Surgical treatment of anorectal fistula in patients with Crohn's disease. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1989; 169 133-136
- 42 Morrison J G, Gathright Jr J B, Ray J E, Ferrari B T, Hicks T C, Timmcke A E. Surgical management of anorectal fistulae in Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1989; 32 492-496
- 43 White R A, Eisenstat T E, Rubin R J, Salvati E P. Seton management of complex anorectal fistulae in patients with Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990; 33 587-589
- 44 Topstad D R, Panaccione R, Heine J A, Johnson DRE, MacLean A R, Buie W D. Combined seton placement, infliximab infusion, and maintenance immunosuppressives improve healing rate in fistulizing anorectal Crohn's disease: a single center experience. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003; 46 577-583
- 45 Mizrahi N, Wexner S D, Zmora O et al.. Endorectal advancement flap: are there predictors of failure?. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002; 45 1616-1621
- 46 Joo J S, Weiss E G, Nogueras J J, Wexner S D. Endorectal advancement flap in perianal Crohn's disease. Am Surg. 1998; 64 147-150
- 47 Jones I T, Fazio V W, Jagelman D G. The use of transanal rectal advancement flaps in the management of fistulas involving the anorectum. Dis Colon Rectum. 1987; 30 919-923
- 48 Lewis P, Bartolo D C. Treatment of trans-sphincteric fistulae by full thickness anorectal advancement flaps. Br J Surg. 1990; 77 1187-1189
- 49 Makowiec F, Jehle E C, Becker H D, Starlinger M. Clinical course after transanal advancement flap repair of perianal fistula in patients with Crohn's disease. Br J Surg. 1995; 82 603-606
- 50 Marchesa P, Hull T L, Fazio V W. Advancement sleeve flaps for treatment of severe perianal Crohn's disease. Br J Surg. 1998; 85 1695-1698
- 51 Zmora O, Mizrahi N, Rotholtz N et al.. Fibrin glue sealing in the treatment of perianal fistulas. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003; 46 584-589
- 52 O'Connor L, Champagne B, Ferguson M, Orangio G, Schertzer M, Armstrong D. Efficacy of anal fistula plug in closure of Crohn's anorectal fistulae. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006; 49 1569-1573
- 53 Yamamoto T, Allan R N, Keighley M R. Effect of fecal diversion alone on perianal Crohn's disease. World J Surg. 2000; 24 1258-1262
- 54 Edwards C M, George B D, Jewell D P, Warren B F, Mortensen N J, Kettlewell M G. Role of a defunctioning stoma in the management of large bowel Crohn's disease. Br J Surg. 2000; 87 1063-1066
- 55 Galandiuk S, Kimberling J, Al-Mishlab T, Stromberg A. Perianal Crohn's disease: predictors of the need for permanent diversion. Ann Surg. 2005; 241(5) 796-801
- 56 Rius J, Nessim A, Nogueras J J, Wexner S D. Gracilis transposition in complicated perianal fistula and unhealed perineal wounds in Crohn's disease. Eur J Surg. 2000; 166 218-222
- 57 Hull T L, Fazio V W. Surgical approaches to low anovaginal fistula in Crohn's disease. Am J Surg. 1997; 173 95-98
- 58 Sher M E, Bauer J J, Gelernt I. Surgical repair of rectovaginal fistulae in patients with Crohn's disease: transvaginal approach. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991; 34 641-648
- 59 Ky A, Sohn N, Weinstein M A, Korelitz B I. Carcinoma arising in anorectal fistulae of Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998; 41 992-996
Dana SandsM.D.
Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida
2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd., Weston, FL 33331
Email: sandsd@ccf.org