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DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-993022
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Die Behandlung auf der Intensivstation
The polytrauma patient in the intensive care unitPublication History
Publication Date:
29 October 2007 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Patienten, die mit der Diagnose Polytrauma auf einer Intensivstation aufgenommen werden unterscheiden sich von anderen intensivmedizinischen Patienten sowohl durch ihre typische verletzungsassoziierte Morbidität (diffuse Blutung, Schädel-Hirntrauma SHT, Lungenkontusion), als auch durch die in einzelne operative Phasen gestaffelte chirurgische Versorgung.
Die Komplexität des zugrundeliegenden Krankheitsbildes, und die Komplexität des zeitlichen Ablaufs der operativen Versorgung erfordern eine enge Koordination aller beteiligten Fachdisziplinen. Durch ein angepaßtes Transfusions- und Substitutionsregime bei akuter Blutung (rationale Ausschöpfung der Anämietoleranz, kalkulierte Gerinnungssubstitution), durch die Anwendung moderner Therapiestrategien bei der Versorgung des Schädel-Hirntraumas mit dem Ziel der Stabilisierung des cerbralen Perfusionsdruckes, und der Sicherung einer adäquaten cerebralen Oxygenierung, sowie durch moderne Beatmungsstrategien (lungenprotektive Beatmung, kinetische Therapie, nichtinvasive Beatmungsformen) ließ sich die perioperative Morbidität und Mortalität polytraumatisierter Patienten in den letzten 30 Jahren deutlich reduzieren.
Im folgenden Artikel werden die aktuellen Therapieprinzipien bei der Versorgung polytraumatisierter Patienten auf der Intensivstation beschrieben.
Abstract:
Patients admitted to an intensive care unit with the diagnosis "polytrauma" differ from other patients by their typical trauma-associated morbidity (diffusive bleeding, traumatic brain injury, lung contusion), and by the staged surgical treatment of multiple injuries.
The complexity of the clinical picture, and the complexity of the chronological order of the operative phases require a close cooperation of the medical specialist disciplines involved. The perioperative morbidity and mortality of polytrauma victims has been reduced significantly within the last 30 years due to an adapted transfusion- and substitution regime (rational utilization of anemia tolerance, calculated substitution of coagulation factors), due to modern therapeutic regimes for the patient with traumatic brain injury (stabilization of cerebral perfusion pressure, stabilization of adequate cerebral oxygenation), and due to the modern therapeutic strategies of mechanical ventilation (lung-protective ventilation, kinetic therapy, non-invasive ventilation).
The aim of this review is to describe these modern therapeutic principles of the intentensive care unit treatment of the polytrauma patient.
Schlagworte:
Polytrauma - Transfusion - Schädel-Hirntrauma - Lungenkontusion
Key words:
polytrauma - transfusion - traumatic brain injury - lung contusion
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Kernaussagen
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Häufiger als andere Altersgruppen werden 20- bis 30-Jährige polytraumatisiert ins Krankenhaus eingeliefert. Die meisten verletzen sich im Straßenverkehr - gefolgt von Stürzen aus großer Höhe und Suizidversuchen.
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Die Patienten imponieren ungefähr jeweils gleich häufig mit Extremitätentrauma, Schädel-Hirn-Trauma und Thoraxtrauma. Relevante Abdominaltraumen sind relativ selten (v.a. Milz- und Leberrupturen)
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Das Konzept der ”Damage Control” versorgt die Frakturen polytraumatisierter Patienten schrittweise, um die Einflüsse der chirurgischen Traumatisierung zu minimieren.
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Akute Blutverluste werden nicht sofort mit Erythrozyten-Transfusionen beantwortet, sondern zunächst durch Infusion von Kristalloiden und Kolloiden therapiert. Bis heute herrscht Uneinigkeit über das optimale Volumenersatzmittel.
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Erst bei extremer Hämodilution (Hb <3g/dl) reicht das O2-Angebot nicht mehr aus, um den O2-Bedarf des Organismus zu decken.
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Die Verdünnungsanämie betrifft auch das Gerinnungssystem. Hier können Störungen auch durch Hypothermie, disseminierte intravasale Gerinnung und gesteigerte Fibrinolyseaktivität verkompliziert werden, sodass ausgeprägte Blutungen eine Substitution von Gerinnungsfaktoren notwendig machen.
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Primäre Hirnschädigungen sind nicht behandelbar, sekundäre Hirnschädigungen lassen sich durch den Ausschluss systemischer Hypoxien und durch Aufrechterhaltung eines adäquaten zerebralen Perfusionsdruckes mindern.
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Zur Senkung des ICP tragen die 30-Grad-Oberkörperhochlagerung und eine achsengerechte Kopflagerung bei. Mannitol kann den ICP kurzfristig effektiv senken. Von einer generellen langfristigen Hyperventilation ist bei SHT-Patienten abzusehen.
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Letzte Behandlungsmöglichkeit einer therapierefraktären intrazerebralen Hypertension ist die dekompressive Kraniotomie [64]. Kortikosteroide haben heute zu keinem Zeitpunkt mehr einen Stellenwert in der Therapie des erhöhten Hirndruckes.
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Da es bei Polytraumatisierten oft mit Lungenschäden eingeliefert werden, führt die Beatmung in kontinuierlicher Rückenlage zu Belüftungsstörungen. Vor allem in den posterobasalen Lungenpartien bilden sich dann ödematöse und atelektatische Lungenverdichtungen.
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Diese Areale lassen sich meist nur unzureichend über die Erhöhung von PEEP und Tidalvolumen rekrutieren. Mit Hilfe der kinetischen Therapie ist es möglich, den Pathomechanismus ohne gesteigerte Invasivität des Beatmungsmusters zu erhöhen.
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Ergänzendes Material
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Dr. med. Jens Meier
Email: meier@em.uni-frankfurt.de
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