Key words
heart - echocardiography - education - ultrasound color Doppler - ultrasound spectral
Doppler
Kernaussagen
Eine Standardisierung des echokardiografischen Untersuchungsgangs sowie dessen Dokumentation
sind für eine qualifizierte Echokardiografie zwingend notwendig. Nur eine Akquisition
von vergleichbaren Bildsequenzen mit geringer Intra- und Interobserver-Variabilität
führt zu zuverlässigen Informationen und korrekten Diagnosen. Zu den Standardeinstellungen
des parasternalen Schallfensters gehören die lange Achse und der M-Mode-Sweep. Die
Ebenen der langen Achse, des 2- und 4-Kammer-Blicks vom apikalen Schallfenster müssen
mit der Transducerposition direkt über der Herzspitze eingestellt werden. Die Herzspitze
ist in dieser Anlotung nur sicher in der langen Achse und im 2-Kammer-Blick zu beurteilen,
der 4-Kammer-Blick täuscht häufig bei zu medialer und kranialer Transducerposition
korrekte Anlotungen vor. Doppler-Spektren über allen Herzklappen bzw. dem linksventrikulären
Ausflusstrakt gehören zum Standard. Vom subkostalen Schallfenster muss zusätzlich
die Einmündung der Vena cava inferior beim standardisierten Untersuchungsgang dokumentiert
werden.
Main statements
Standardization of the echocardiographic examination procedure as well as the documentation
is absolutely necessary for skilled echocardiography. Only acquisition of comparable
image sequences with low intraobserver and interobserver variability results in reliable
information and correct diagnoses. The standard settings of the parasternal sound
window include the long axis and the M-mode sweep. The planes of the long axis, the
2-chamber view, and 4-chamber view of the apical sound window must be set so that
the transducer position is directly over the cardiac apex. In this configuration,
the cardiac apex can only be reliably evaluated in the long axis and the 2-chamber
view. The 4-chamber view often simulates correct views when the transducer position
is too far in the medial and cranial direction. Doppler spectrums over all cardiac
valves and the left ventricular outflow tract are included in the standard. The vena
cava inferior opening shown by the subcostal sound window must also be documented
during the standardized examination procedure.
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Prof. Andreas Hagendorff
Medizinische Klinik I der Universität Leipzig, Abteilung Kardiologie-Angiologie
Johannisallee 32
04103 Leipzig
Phone: ++ 49/3 41/9 71 26 48
Fax: ++ 49/3 41/9 71 26 02
Email: andreas.hagendorff@medizin.uni-leipzig.de