Zusammenfassung
Studienziel: Ein aktuelles deutschsprachiges Positionspapier der Kardiologen zum Endokarditisrisiko nach dentalen Eingriffen sowie die Überlegungen einer Reihe von orthopädischen und unfallchirurgischen bzw. zahnärztlichen Fachgesellschaften weltweit zur Prophylaxe von Protheseninfektionen waren Anlass, einen entsprechenden Diskussionsbeitrag für den deutschsprachigen Raum aufzusetzen. Mit diesem Beitrag hoffen wir eine Konsensusempfehlung der Fachgesellschaft für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie zur Antibiotikaprophylaxe für Endoprothesenträger im Rahmen von zahnärztlichen Behandlungen zu stimulieren. Methode: Wir sichteten die in der NCBI-Datenbank verfügbare Literatur zum Bakteriämierisiko nach zahnärztlichen Behandlungen, zur Assoziation zwischen Bakteriämien und Gelenkprotheseninfektionen sowie zu den Möglichkeiten und Problemen einer antibiotischen Prophylaxe bei Gelenkprothesenträgern. In den Überlegungen fanden auch Daten zum spezifischen Erregerspektrum solcher Infektionen und zur Bedeutung des Biofilms im Mund und auf den Prothesen Berücksichtigung. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt ist das Risiko einer Gelenkprotheseninfektion nach Bakteriämien geringer als das einer Infektion im vorgeschädigten Endokard. Auch das Erregerspektrum beider Infektionen unterscheidet sich zum größeren Teil. Zudem kommt es auch im Rahmen der täglichen Zahnhygiene und selbst beim Kauen regelmäßig zu Bakteriämien. Wegen des hohen Hintergrundrisikos und der typischerweise langen Latenz zwischen dentalen Eingriffen und einer symptomatischen Gelenkprotheseninfektion gelang in Patienten noch nie der mit molekularbiologischen Methoden geführte zweifelsfreie Beleg des kausalen Zusammenhangs von Behandlung und Infektion. Allerdings sind solche Geschehen zumindest plausibel und die Konsequenzen von Protheseninfektionen für die Betroffenen sehr weitreichend. Schlussfolgerung: Daher machen wir in unserem Diskussionsbeitrag einen Vorschlag für eine zweizeitige Antibiotikaprophylaxe mit einem Aminopenicillin plus β-Laktamaseinhibitor bzw. Clindamycin in Abhängigkeit vom Bakteriämierisiko des dentalen Eingriffs (alle Maßnahmen unter Durchdringung der Schleimhaut bzw. mit Blutungskonsequenz) und dem persönlichen Risiko der Prothesenträger (kürzlich eingesetzte Prothesen, Protheseninfektionen in der Vorgeschichte sowie natürliche und iatrogen induzierte Zustände mit starker Immunsuppression).
Abstract
Aim: In accordance with international guidelines, the German Society for Cardiology and the Paul Ehrlich Society for Chemotherapy recently adapted their recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis of infectious endocarditis. The new version reflected the statistically lower risk for such infections as compared to former considerations and reduced the group of patients who would benefit from the prophylaxis. That paper as well as an increasing number of statements of orthopaedic/traumatologic or dental societies stimulated our contribution on the prevention of prosthesis infections after dental care. With this article we intend to stimulate a position paper of the German Society for Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Method: For our study we screened the international literature on the association between bacteremia and dental treatment, bacteremia and prosthesis infections as well as on the availability and risks of antibiotic prophylaxis for prosthesis infections. In addition, we included data on the responsible microorganisms and the importance of biofilms both in the oral cavity and on the infected prosthesis. Results: Generally, the risk of prosthesis infections after bacteremia is lower than that of endocarditis. Also, the range of involved microorganisms only partially overlaps in both diseases. Of note, bacteremia regularly occurs due to normal dental hygiene measures or even after chewing. Because of this high background risk and because of the extended latency period between dental care and symptomatic prosthesis infections, the causality of professional dental measures for prosthesis infections has never conclusively been demonstrated, e.g., by employing molecular methods. However, the association remains plausible and the consequences for such patients are severe. Conclusion: We suggest an oral prophylaxis with an aminopenicillin plus β-lactamase inhibitor or clindamycin shortly before and 4 hours after dental care depending on the tissue invasiveness of the dental measures and the personal risk profile of the patient (prosthesis recently implanted, history of prosthesis infection, natural or iatrogenic conditions severely affecting the immune status).
Schlüsselwörter
Gelenkprothesen - zahnärztliche Behandlung - Antibiotikaprophylaxe
Key words
joint prosthesis - dental care - antibiotic prophylaxis
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Prof. Dr. Andreas Podbielski
Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene Universitätsklinik Rostock
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