Characterization of Blood Flow Dynamics Using Magnetic Resonance: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications

Abstract

The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal is intrinsically sensitive to motion. This allows the development of pulse sequences that exploit this property to provide images of spin displacement and velocity. This article reviews several MRI methods that allow for the noninvasive characterization of blood flow dynamics. Simplified explanations of the basic physics underlying both time-of-flight and phase contrast mechanisms are provided. A brief description of several advanced techniques that allow real-time imaging is also provided. Relevant examples of each approach are shown, including data obtained in human subjects. The clinical applications of these methods are reviewed.

Keywords:

Blood flow - velocity measurement - time-of-flight - phase contrast - functional MRI