Estrogen and Progesterone Lower Cyclin B1 and D1 Expression, Block Cell Cycle in G2/M, and Trigger Apoptosis in Human Adrenal Carcinoma Cell Cultures

Abstract

The effects of 17 β-estradiol and progesterone were evaluated separately and in combination, on the growth, survival, and cell cycle dynamics of SW-13 human adrenal carcinoma cells in culture. Both hormones significantly decreased cell survival, with dose response curves at four days demonstrating EC₅₀s estimated at 1.2×10^-5 M for 17 β-estradiol and 4.8×10^-6 M for progesterone. Flow cytometry studies of these cultures indicated a strong G2/M blocking effect of both steroids, either individually or in combination; the effects of progesterone and of both agents together were substantially greater than the effect with 17 β-estradiol alone. The sub-G1 region of the flow cytometry profile was significantly enhanced by exposure to 17 β-estradiol and even more by progesterone. Sub-G1 “apoptosis” was confirmed by fragmented and condensed nuclear chromatin staining using a standard DAPI fluorescence assay. The expression of the critical cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin B1 and D1 were significantly decreased by each hormone, with the influence of progesterone again predominating. These data demonstrate that high doses of 17 β-estradiol and progesterone have inhibitory and apoptotic effects on SW-13 human adrenal carcinoma cells in vitro. The observed effects are associated with declines in cyclin B1 and D1 expression as well as a block in G2/M.

estrogen - progesterone - cyclins B₁ and D₁ - cell cycle - G1 and G2/M phase - apoptosis - adrenal carcinoma - SW-13 cells

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