Aufmerksamkeit und Sprachverarbeitung

M.-D. Heidler

doi:10.1055/s-2008-1077072

Sprache · Stimme · Gehör, Table of Contents

Sprache · Stimme · Gehör 2008; 32(2): 74-85
DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1077072

Originalarbeit

Aufmerksamkeit und Sprachverarbeitung

Attention and Language ProcessingM.-D. Heidler¹

¹Brandenburg Klinik, Bernau-Waldsiedlung

Abstract

Zusammenfassung

Effektive Sprachverarbeitung stützt sich zu großen Teilen auf attentionale Prozesse, die durch Interaktion distribuierter neuronaler Netzwerke zustande kommen. Während Sprachrezeptionsprozesse ein hohes Maß an selektiver Aufmerksamkeit erfordern bei der frühen Informationsselektion und bei der Herstellung einer kohärenten mentalen Textbasis, verlangen Sprachproduktionsprozesse vor allem im Hinblick auf Planung und Überwachung Aufmerksamkeitsressourcen. Zahlreiche Subkomponenten der Sprachverarbeitung sind bei gesunden Sprechern hochautomatisiert und wenig aufmerksamkeitsintensiv (syntaktische Verarbeitung, lexikalische Aktivierung), können jedoch durch zerebrale Läsionen innerhalb des funktionalen Aufmerksamkeitssystems ihre Automatisiertheit verlieren. Während Störungen der Aufmerksamkeitsintensität Sprachverarbeitungsprozesse vor allem verlangsamen, führen Störungen der Aufmerksamkeitsselektivität u. a. zu Kohärenzbrüchen bei der Produktion und Rezeption von Äußerungen. So zeigen bspw. Patienten mit Frontalhirnschädigung bei Ad-hoc-Steuerungen tangentiale und inkohärente Sprachproduktionen sowie im freien Diskurs Defizite im Sprachverständnis infolge einer beeinträchtigten Inhibition irrelevanter Informationen und einer mangelhaften Fokussierung des Wesentlichen. Bei aphasischen Patienten führen beeinträchtigte Inhibitions-, Sequenzierungs- und Fokussierungsprozesse zu einer fluktuierenden und störanfälligen Sprachverarbeitung.

Abstract

Effective language processing mainly relies on attentional processes which result from the interaction of distributed neuronal networks. While processes of language comprehension require a high degree of selective attention for early information selection, and the creation of a coherent mental textbasis, processes of language production demand attentional ressources especially in regard to planning and controlling. Many subcomponents of language processing in healthy speakers are highly automated and do not require much attentional control (syntactical processing, lexical activation), however cerebral lesions within the functional attentional system may cause these processes to loose their state of automatization. While disorders of attention intensity mainly reduce the speed of language processing, impairments of attention selection also cause disturbances of coherency in verbal production and perception. For example patients with frontal lesion show a tangential and incoherent speech production in ad-hoc situations, impaired comprehension in free discourse situations caused by diminished inhibition of irrelevant information, and a disturbed focus on the essential. Patients with aphasia show a delayed, interference prone, and fluctuating language processing caused by impaired inhibition, serializing, and concentration.

Schlüsselwörter

Sprachverarbeitung - Aufmerksamkeit - Arbeitsgedächtnis - exekutive Dysfunktionen - Aphasie

Key words

language processing - attention - working memory - executive dysfunctions - aphasia

Full Text

References

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Korrespondenzadresse

Dr. phil. Dipl. Sprechwiss. M.-D. Heidler

Brandenburg Klinik

Haus Havelland, Neuro 4

Brandenburgallee 1

16321 Bernau-Waldsiedlung

Email: heidler@brandenburgklinik.de