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Thromb Haemost 2004; 91(01): 87-94
DOI: 10.1160/TH03-06-0379
Blood Coagulation, Fibrinolysis and Cellular Haemostasis
Schattauer GmbH

Use of pharmacogenetics and clinical factors to predict the maintenance dose of warfarin

Brian F. Gage
1   Departments of Medicine and of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
,
Charles Eby
1   Departments of Medicine and of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
,
Paul E. Milligan
1   Departments of Medicine and of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
,
Gerald A. Banet
1   Departments of Medicine and of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
,
Jill R. Duncan
1   Departments of Medicine and of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
,
Howard L. McLeod
1   Departments of Medicine and of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
› Author AffiliationsFinancial support: This study was funded by NIH grant 1R01 HL71083. Pilot data for this study was funded by the Barnes-Jewish Hospital Foundation and Sigma Diagnostics.
Further Information

Publication History

Received 18 June 2003

Accepted after revision 12 October 2003

Publication Date:
30 November 2017 (online)

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Summary

Knowledge of pharmacogenetics may help clinicians predict their patients’ therapeutic dose of warfarin, thereby decreasing the risk of bleeding during warfarin initiation. Our goal was to use pharmacogenetics to develop an algorithm that uses genetic, clinical, and demographic factors to estimate the warfarin dose a priori. We collected a blood sample, demographic variables, laboratory values, smoking status, names of medications, and dietary history from 369 patients who were taking a maintenance dose of warfarin. Using polymerase chain reaction, we genotyped each participant for the presence of 8 polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 2C9 system. Using multiple regression, we quantified the association between warfarin dose and all factors. Advanced age, lower body surface area (BSA), and the presence of cytochrome P450 2C9 *2 or *3 single nucleotide polymorphisms were strongly associated (P < 0.001) with lower warfarin dose: the maintenance dose decreased by 8% per decade of age, by 13% per standard deviation decrease in BSA, by 19% per 2C9*2 allele, and by 30% per 2C9*3 allele. Warfarin doses were 29% lower in patients who took amiodarone, 12% lower in patients who took simvastatin, 21% lower in patients whose target INR was 2.5 rather than 3.0, and 11% lower in white rather than African-American participants (P < 0.05 for these comparisons). An algorithm that included these factors and one of borderline significance (sex), explained 39% of the variance in the maintenance warfarin dose. Use of this pharmacogenetic model had potential to prevent patients from being overdosed when initiating warfarin: we estimate that only 24 (6.5%) patients would have been overdosed by >2 mg/day with pharmacogenetic dosing compared to 59 (16%) patients who would have been overdosed if they had been prescribed the empirical dose of 5 mg/day (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the maintenance warfarin dose can be estimated from demographic, clinical, and pharmacogenetic factors that can be obtained at the time of warfarin initiation.

Keywords

Anticoagulants - cytochrome P-450/genetics - genetic polymorphism - pharmacogenetics - warfarin/administration & dosage
 

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