Cardiac biomarkers in pulmonary embolism

References
1 Gibson NS, Sohne M, Kruip MJ. et al on behalf of the Christopher study investigators. Further validation and simplification of the Wells clinical decision rule in pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99: 229-234.
2 Brill-Edwards P, Lee A. D-dimer testing in the diagnosis of acute venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 1999; 82: 688-694.
3 Perrier A, Bounameaux H. Cost-effective diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 2001; 86: 475-487.
4 Arnason T, Wells PS, Forster AJ. Appropriateness of diagnostic strategies for evaluating suspected venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 2007; 97: 195-201.
5 Health care guideline: Venous thromboembolism. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Revised February 2006. Available at www.icsi.org Accessed on January 30, 2008.
6 Qaseem A, Snow V, Barry P. et al Joint American Academy of Family Physicians/American College of Physicians Panel on Deep Venous Thrombosis/Pulmonary Embolism. Current diagnosis of venous thromboembolism in primary care: a clinical practice guideline from the American Academy of Family Physicians and the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 454-458.
7 Constans J, Salmi LR, Sevestre-Pietri MA. et al. A clinical prediction score for upper extremity deep venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99: 202-207.
8 Palla A, Bardi G, Ribas C. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Semin Thromb Hemost 2006; 32: 822-830.
9 Lippi G, Guidi GC. The power of negative thinking. Am J Emerg Med. 2008 in press.
10 Giannitsis E, Katus HA. Risk stratification in pulmonary embolism based on biomarkers and echocardiography. Circulation 2005; 112: 1520-1521.
11 Fromm Jr. RE. Cardiac troponins in the intensive care unit: common causes of increased levels and interpretation. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 584-588.
12 Tulevski II, Hirsch A, Sanson BJ. et al. Increased brain natriuretic peptide as a marker for right ventricular dysfunction in acute pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 2001; 86: 1193-1196.
13 Kucher N, Goldhaber SZ. Risk stratification of acute pulmonary embolism. Semin Thromb Hemost 2006; 32: 838-847.
14 Becattini C, Vedovati MC, Agnelli G. Prognostic value of troponins in acute pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Circulation 2007; 116: 427-433.
15 Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Olschewski M. et al. Importance of cardiac troponins I and T in risk stratification of patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation 2002; 106: 1263-1268.
16 Kucher N, Wallmann D, Carone A. et al. Incremental prognostic value of troponin I and echocardiography in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 1651-1656.
17 Scridon T, Scridon C, Skali H. et al. Prognostic significance of troponin elevation and right ventricular enlargement in acute pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96: 303-305.
18 Daniels LB, Maisel AS. Natriuretic peptides. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 2357-2368.
19 Kucher N, Goldhaber SZ. Cardiac biomarkers for risk stratification of patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation 2003; 108: 2191-2194.
20 Tulevski II, ten Wolde M, van Veldhuisen DJ. et al. Combined utility of brain natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin T may improve rapid triage and risk stratification in normotensive patients with pulmonary embolism. Int J Cardiol 2007; 116: 161-166.
21 Bochowicz A, Kostrubiec M, Pruszczyk P. Serum myoglobin in pulmonary embolism. Circulation 2004; 109: e194.
22 Turedi S, Gunduz A, Mentese A. et al. Value of ischemia-modified albumin in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Am J Emerg Med 2007; 25: 770-773.
23 Kaczyñska A, Pelsers MM, Bochowicz A. et al. Plasma heart-type fatty acid binding protein is superior to troponin and myoglobin for rapid risk stratification in acute pulmonary embolism. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 371: 117-123.
24 Puls M, Dellas C, Lankeit M. et al. Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein permits early risk stratification of pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 224-229.
25 Harrison A, Amundson S. Evaluation and management of the acutely dyspneic patient: the role of biomarkers. Am J Emerg Med 2005; 23: 371-378.