Management von Blutungen unter Aggregationshemmung und Antikoagulation

Zusammenfassung

Durch eine weltweit alternde Bevölkerung nehmen Vorhofflimmern und venöse Thromboembolien und dadurch auch der Einsatz direkter oraler Antikoagulantien (DOAK) deutlich zu. Das Management von Blutungskomplikationen und Notfalloperationen bei dieser Gruppe von Patienten stellt eine Herausforderung im klinischen Alltag dar. Bei Auftreten schwerer Blutungen sollten der Ort der Blutung, der Beginn und Schweregrad sowie die Nierenfunktion und Begleitmedikationen wie Thrombozytenaggregationshemmer oder nichtsteroidale Antirheumatika (NSAR) Berücksichtigung finden. Der Zeitpunkt der letzten Tabletteneinnahme als auch die Restkonzentration des DOAK bei Aufnahme sind ebenfalls relevant. Die Antikoagulation sollte sofort unterbrochen und lokale Maßnahmen ergriffen werden, um die Blutung zu stillen; der anti-koagulierende Effekt sollte sofort aufgehoben werden. Die Gabe von PPSB kann erwogen werden, wenn spezifische Antidots nicht zur Verfügung stehen. Wenn relevante DOAK-Restkonzentrationen vermutet werden und eine Operation nicht aufgeschoben werden kann, dann sollten PPSB und/ oder ein spezifisches Antidot präoperativ appliziert werden. Als spezifisches Antidot für Dabigatran steht Idarucizumab zur Verfügung; während Andexanet Alfa als Antidot gegen Faktor X-Inhibitoren seit Mai diesen Jahres bisher nur in den USA zur Behandlung zugelassen ist.

Schlüsselwörter

Direkte orale Antikoagulanzien - lebensbedrohliche Blutung - Notfalloperation - Gegenmittel

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