Inhaltsstoffe des bovinen Kolostrums – eine Übersicht

Sebastian Ganz; Michael Bülte; Zdzislaw Gajewski; Axel Wehrend

doi:10.15653/TPG-180144

Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe G: Großtiere / Nutztiere, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2018; 46(03): 178-189
DOI: 10.15653/TPG-180144

Übersichtsartikel – Review Article

Schattauer GmbH

Inhaltsstoffe des bovinen Kolostrums – eine Übersicht^[*]

Substances in the bovine colostrum – a survey

Sebastian Ganz

¹Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen

,

Michael Bülte

²Institut für Tierärztliche Nahrungsmittelkunde (Professur für Tierärztliche Nahrungsmittelkunde) Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen

,

Zdzislaw Gajewski

³Department of Large Animal Diseases with the Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

,

Axel Wehrend

¹Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

Zusammenfassung

Die am besten untersuchten Inhaltsstoffe des Kolostrums sind die Immunglobuline. Sie werden über Pinozytose im Dünndarm des Neonaten aufgenommen. Eine rezeptorvermittelte Aufnahme über den Fc-Rezeptor ist beim Kalb nicht von derartiger Bedeutung wie bei anderen Spezies, doch spielt dieser Rezeptor eine zentrale Rolle beim Transport der Immunglobuline aus dem Blut in das Euter und damit in das Kolostrum. Durch diesen rezeptorvermittelten Transport werden in der Phase der Kolostrogenese, die ca. 8 Wochen ante partum einsetzt, bis zu 500 g Immunglobuline pro Tag transferiert. Auch andere Inhaltsstoffe des Kolostrums entfalten eine biologische Aktivität. So beeinflussen diverse Wachstumsfaktoren, wie IGF-1, EGF oder TGF, die Proliferation und Ausdifferenzierung von Darmepithelzellen des Neonaten und hierdurch die Ausreifung des Magen-Darm-Trakts. Im Euter wirken sie bei den Umbauprozessen des Epithels mit und unterstützen den maternalen Organismus bei der Adaption an die verschiedenen Laktationsstadien. Mit dem Kolostrum übertragene Leukozyten besitzen ein immunologisches Gedächtnis und können im Organismus des Neonaten direkt kompetente zelluläre Immunantworten gegen Krankheitserreger induzieren, mit denen sich das Muttertier auseinandergesetzt hat. Sie werden über zelluläre Migration im proximalen Dünndarm des Neonaten aufgenommen und gelangen so in die Zirkulation. Kolostrale Enzyme besitzen zum einen diagnostischen Wert zur Beurteilung einer ausreichenden Kolostrumversorgung des Kalbes (z. B. γ-Glutamyl-Transferase) zum anderen unspezifisches antimikrobielles Potenzial (z. B. Laktatperoxidase, Laktoferrin, Lysozyme). Die im Kolostrum enthaltenen Vitamine, Fette, Proteine sowie Mengen- und Spurenelemente sind für den Neonaten in den ersten Stunden post natum als essenzielle Nährstoffquellen von außerordentlicher Bedeutung, da sich die Anforderungen an den Organismus von präzu postnatal sehr stark ändern. Des Weiteren finden sich im Erstkolostrum Hormone, deren genaue Bedeutung für das neugeborene Kalb zum größten Teil noch nicht bekannt ist.

Summary

The best studied substances in bovine colostrum are the immunoglobulins. They are absorbed in the small intestine of the neonate by pinocytosis. The Fc-receptor is not highly involved in this process in calves compared to other species. However, this receptor plays a crucial role in the transport of immunoglobulins from the circulation of the dam to the udder and, therefore, into the colostrum. During colostrogenesis, which starts up to 8 weeks prior to parturition, up to 500 g of immunoglobulins are transferred daily by this process. In addition, other components of the bovine colostrum have biological activity. Colostrum-derived growth factors, including IGF-1, EGF and TGF, influence the differentiation of the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and, therefore, its development. In the udder of the dam, they are involved in various mechanisms of adaption throughout the lactation period. Colostral leucocytes are also transported from the colostrum into the circulation of the offspring, this by a process termed cellular migration. These cells have a specific immunological memory and support the calf in the development of an immune response against specific pathogens the dam was exposed to earlier. Colostral enzymes can be used as an indirect parameter to control for an adequate colostrum supply of the calf (e.g. γ-glutamyltransferase) or have an unspecific antimicrobial potential capacity (e.g. lactate peroxidase, lactoferrin, lysozymes). Vitamins, fats, proteins and mass and trace elements in the colostrum are essential nutrients for the bovine neonate because of the great change in the requirements for the neonatal organism from preto postnatal life. The impact of hormones and other components of the colostrum is still mostly unclear. The composition of the colostrum in the individual cow is influenced by numerous factors, including the number of calvings, the amount of colostrum formed and breed of the dam.

Schlüsselwörter

Rind - Kalb - Neonat - Fütterung - Versorgung - Immunglobuline

Keywords

Cow - neonatal calf - supply - feeding - immunoglobulins

Volltext

Referenzen

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Inhaltsstoffe des bovinen Kolostrums – eine Übersicht[*]

Inhaltsstoffe des bovinen Kolostrums – eine Übersicht^[*]