In vivo axial humero-ulnar rotation in normal and dysplastic canine elbow joints

Thomas Rohwedder; Martin Fischer; Peter Böttcher

doi:10.15654/TPK-170390

Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere, Table of Contents

Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2018; 46(02): 83-89
DOI: 10.15654/TPK-170390

Originalartikel – Original Articles

Schattauer GmbH

In vivo axial humero-ulnar rotation in normal and dysplastic canine elbow joints

Axiale humeroulnare Rotation in gesunden und dysplastischen Ellbogengelenken des Hundes in vivo

Thomas Rohwedder

¹Department of Small Animal Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

,

Martin Fischer

²Institute of Systematic Zoology and Evolutionary Biology with Phyletic Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany

,

Peter Böttcher

³Small Animal Clinic, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Summary

Objective: To prospectively compare relative axial (internal-external) humero-ulnar rotation in normal and dysplastic canine elbow joints.

Material and methods: Six normal elbows (five dogs) and seven joints (six dogs) with coronoid disease were examined. After implantation of 0.8 mm tantalum beads into humerus and ulna, biplanar x-ray movies of the implanted elbows were taken while dogs were walking on a treadmill. Based on the 2D bead coordinates of the synchronized x-ray movies virtual 3D humero-ulnar animations were calculated. Based on these, relative internal-external humero-ulnar rotation was measured over the first third of stance phase and expressed as maximal rotational amplitude. Amplitudes from three consecutive steps were averaged and groupwise compared using an unpaired t-test.

Results: In normal elbow joints mean axial relative humero-ulnar rotation was 2.9° (SD 1.1). Dysplastic joints showed a significantly greater rotational amplitude (5.3°, SD 2.0; p = 0.0229, 95% confidence interval 0.4–4.4).

Conclusion: Dysplastic elbow joints show greater relative internal-external humero-ulnar rotation compared to normal elbows, which might reflect rotational joint instability.

Clinical relevance: Increased relative internal-external humero-ulnar rotation might alter physiological joint contact and pressure patterns. Future studies are needed to verify if this plays a role in the pathogenesis of medial coronoid disease.

Zusammenfassung

Ziel: Prospektive Untersuchung der relativen humeroulnaren Rotation in gesunden und dysplastischen Ellbogengelenken beim Hund.

Material und Methoden: Sechs Ellbogengelenke von fünf gesunden Hunden und sieben Gelenke von sechs Hunden mit Koronoiderkrankung wurden untersucht. Nach Implantation von 0,8 mm großen Tantalkugeln in Humerus und Ulna wurden biplanare Röntgenvideofilme der markierten Gelenke aufgenommen, während die Hunde auf einem Laufband liefen. Anhand der 2D-Markerkoordinaten in den synchronisierten Röntgensequenzen erfolgte die Berechnung der 3D-Kinematik von Humerus und Ulna. Die relative humeroulnare Rotation wurde für das erste Drittel der Standphase quantifiziert und die maximale Amplitude der internen-externen humero-ulnaren Rotation bestimmt. Drei konsekutive Schritte jedes Gelenks wurden ausgewertet, die Werte gemittelt und gruppenweise mit einem ungepaarten T-Test verglichen.

Ergebnisse: Für gesunde Gelenke ergab sich eine relative humero-ulnare Rotation von 2,9° (Standardabweichung [SD] 1,1). Dysplastische Gelenke wiesen eine signifikant größere Rotationsamplitude auf (5,3°, SD 2,0; p = 0,0229, 95%-Konfidenzinterval 0,4–4,4).

Schlussfolgerung Bei dysplastischen Gelenken besteht im Vergleich zu gesunden Gelenken eine verstärkte humeroulnare Rotation in Form einer vermehrten relativen Exorotation, die Ausdruck einer Gelenkinstabilität sein könnte.

Klinische Relevanz: Die pathologische humeroulnare Rotationsbewegung könnte zu Veränderungen der intraartikulären Kontaktflächen und Kräfte führen. Weitere Studien sind erforderlich, um die Bedeutung dieser Rotation für die Pathogenese der Koronoiderkrankung zu untersuchen.

Keywords

Fluoroscopy - kinematics - kinematography - elbow dysplasia - medial coronoid disease

Schlüsselwörter

Fluoroskopie - Kinematik - Kinematographie - Ellbogendysplasie - Koronoiderkrankung

Full Text

References

References
1 Brainerd EL, Baier DB, Gatesy SM, Hedrick TL, Metzger KA, Gilbert SL, Crisco JJ. X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM): precision, accuracy and applications in comparative biomechanics research. J Exp Zool A Ecol Genet Physiol 2010; 313: 262-279.
2 Buchner HH, Savelberg HH, Schamhardt HC, Merkens HW, Barneveld A. Kinematics of treadmill versus overground locomotion in horses. Vet Quart 1994; 16 (Suppl. 02) S87-90.
3 Budsberg SC, Verstraete MC, Soutas-Little RW. Force plate analysis of the walking gait in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 1987; 48: 915-918.
4 Danielson KC, Fitzpatrick N, Muir P, Manley PA. Histomorphometry of fragmented medial coronoid process in dogs: a comparison of affected and normal coronoid processes. Vet Surg 2006; 35: 501-509.
5 Eljack H, Werner H, Bottcher P. Sensitivity and specificity of 3D models of the radioulnar joint cup in combination with a sphere fitted to the ulnar trochlear notch for estimation of radioulnar incongruence in vitro. Vet Surg 2013; 42: 365-370.
6 Eljack H, Bottcher P. Relationship between axial radioulnar incongruence with cartilage damage in dogs with medial coronoid disease. Vet Surg 2015; 44: 174-179.
7 Fanchon L, Valette JP, Sanaa M, Grandjean D. The measurement of ground reaction force in dogs trotting on a treadmill: an investigation of habituation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2006; 19: 81-86.
8 Fitzpatrick N, Smith TJ, Evans RB, Yeadon R. Radiographic and arthroscopic findings in the elbow joints of 263 dogs with medial coronoid disease. Vet Surg 2009; 38: 213-223.
9 Fitzpatrick N, Yeadon R, Smith T, Schulz K. Techniques of application and initial clinical experience with sliding humeral osteotomy for treatment of medial compartment disease of the canine elbow. Vet Surg 2009; 38: 261-278.
10 Fitzpatrick N, Yeadon R. Working algorithm for treatment decision making for developmental disease of the medial compartment of the elbow in dogs. Vet Surg 2009; 38: 285-300.
11 Fredricson I, Drevemo S, Dalin G, Hjerten G, Bjorne K, Rynde R, Franzen G. Treadmill for equine locomotion analysis. Equine Vet J 1983; 15: 111-115.
12 Gatesy SM, Baier DB, Jenkins FA, Dial KP. Scientific rotoscoping: a morphology-based method of 3-D motion analysis and visualization. J Exp Zool A Ecol Genet Physiol 2010; 313: 244-261.
13 Gemmill TJ, Clements DN. Fragmented coronoid process in the dog: is there a role for incongruency?. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48: 361-368.
14 Goldhammer MA, Smith SH, Fitzpatrick N, Clements DN. A comparison of radiographic, arthroscopic and histological measures of articular pathology in the canine elbow joint. Vet J 2010; 186: 96-103.
15 Guthrie S, Plummer JM, Vaughan LC. Aetiopathogenesis of canine elbow osteochondrosis: a study of loose fragments removed at arthrotomy. Res Vet Sci 1992; 52: 284-291.
16 Henricson B, Norberg I, Olsson SE. On the etiology and pathogenesis of hip dysplasia: a comparative review. J Small Anim Pract 1966; 07: 673-688.
17 Kirberger RM, Fourie SL. Elbow dysplasia in the dog: pathophysiology, diagnosis and control. J S Afr Vet Assoc 1998; 69: 43-54.
18 Knorlein BJ, Baier DB, Gatesy SM, Laurence-Chasen JD, Brainerd EL. Validation of XMALab software for marker-based XROMM. J Exp Biol 2016; 219: 3701-3711.
19 Krotscheck U, Kalafut S, Meloni G, Thompson MS, Todhunter RJ, Mohammed HO, van der Meulen MCH. Effect of ulnar ostectomy on intraarticular pressure mapping and contact mechanics of the congruent and incongruent canine elbow ex vivo. Vet Surg 2014; 43: 339-346.
20 Lalone EA, Giles JW, Alolabi B, Peters TM, Johnson JA, King GJ. Utility of an image-based technique to detect changes in joint congruency following simulated joint injury and repair: an in vitro study of the elbow. J Biomech 2013; 46: 677-682.
21 Lozier S. New prospectives in elbow dysplasia. 13th ESVOT Congress. 2006 Munich, Germany
22 Mansson J, Norberg I. Dysplasia of the hip in dogs: hormonally induced flaccidity of the ligaments followed by dysplasia of the acetabulum, in puppies. J Small Anim Pract 1965; 06: 121-126.
23 Matsas A, Taylor N, McBurney H. Knee joint kinematics from familiarised treadmill walking can be generalised to overground walking in young unimpaired subjects. Gait Posture 2000; 11: 46-53.
24 McConkey MJ, Valenzano DM, Wei A, Li T, Thompson MS, Mohammed HO, van der Meulen MCH, Krotscheck U. Effect of the proximal abducting ulnar osteotomy on intra-articular pressure distribution and contact mechanics of congruent and incongruent canine elbows ex vivo. Vet Surg 2016; 45: 347-355.
25 Molsa SH, Hielm-Bjorkman AK, Laitinen-Vapaavuori OM. Force platform analysis in clinically healthy Rottweilers: comparison with Labrador Retrievers. Vet Surg 2010; 39: 701-707.
26 Morgan JP, Wind A, Davidson AP. Bone dysplasias in the labrador retriever: a radiographic study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1999; 35: 332-340.
27 Ohlerth S, Tellhelm B, Amort K, Ondreka N. Explanation of the IEWG grading system. 30th annual meeting of the Internatinal Elbow Working Group. 2016 Vienna, Austria.
28 Owen M, Richards J, Clements D, Drew S, Bennett D, Carmichael S. Kinematics of the elbow and stifle joints in greyhounds during treadmill trotting - An investigation of familiarisation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2004; 17: 141.
29 Preston CA, Schulz KS, Taylor KT, Kass PH, Hagan CE, Stover SM. In vitro experimental study of the effect of radial shortening and ulnar ostectomy on contact patterns in the elbow joint of dogs. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62: 1548-1556.
30 Riser WH, Miller HH. Canine hip dysplasia and how to control it. Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, Inc Philadelphia, USA. 1966
31 Riser WH, Shirer JF. Hip dysplasia: coxafemoral abnormalities in neonatal German Shepherd dogs. J Small Anim Pract 1966; 07: 7-12.
32 Riser WH, Shirer JF. Correlation between canine hip dysplasia and pelvic muscle mass: a study of 95 dogs. Am J Vet Res 1967; 28: 769-777.
33 Riser WH. The dog as a model for the study of hip dysplasia. Growth, form, and development of the normal and dysplastic hip joint. Vet Pathol 1975; 12: 234-334.
34 Rohwedder T, Fischer M, Böttcher P. In vivo fluoroscopic kinematography of dynamic radio-ulnar incongruence in dogs. Open Vet J 2017; 07 (03) 221-228.
35 Runge JJ, Kelly SP, Gregor TP, Kotwal S, Smith GK. Distraction index as a risk factor for osteoarthritis associated with hip dysplasia in four large dog breeds. J Small Anim Pract 2010; 51: 264-269.
36 Samoy Y, Van Ryssen B, Gielen I, Walschot N, van Bree H. Review of the literature: elbow incongruity in the dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2006; 19: 1-8.
37 Schmidt T, Fischer M, Böttcher P. Three dimensional in vivo kinematography of the canine elbow joint in sound dogs and in dogs with elbow dysplasia. Scientific Presentation Abstracts. Vet Surg 2014; 43: E115-E150.
38 Strayer Jr LM. Embryology of the human hip joint. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1971; 74: 221-240.
39 Wilkinson JA. Etiologic factors in congenital displacement of the hip and myelodysplasia. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1992; 75-83.
40 Yang LM. The Effect of the Lateral Collateral Ligament on Coronoid Process Loading in Dogs: An Ex Vivo Study. Thesis, Oregon State University. 2016