Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2022-S101
Updates on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: is there anything really new?
Atualizações em hemorragia subaracnóidea aneurismática: há algo realmente novo?Abstract
Background: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a severe disease, with systemic involvement and complex diagnosis and treatment. Since the current guidelines were published by the AHA/ASA, Neurocritical Care Society and the European Stroke Organization in 2012-2013,there has been an evolution in the comprehension of SAH-associated brain injury and its multiple underlying mechanisms. As a result, several clinical and translational trials were developed or are underway. Objective: The aim of this article is to review some updates in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological complications of SAH. Methods: A review of PubMed (May, 2010 to February, 2022) was performed. Data was summarized. Results: Content of five meta-analyses, nine review articles and 23 new clinical trials, including pilots, were summarized. Conclusions:Advances in the comprehension of pathophysiology and improvements in critical care have been reflected in the reduction of mortality in SAH. However, despite the number of publications, the only treatments shown to be effective in adequate, well-controlled clinical trials are nimodipine and repair of the ruptured aneurysm. Thus, doubts about the optimal management of SAH still persist.
Resumo
Antecedentes: Hemorragia subaracnóide aneurismática (HSAa) é uma doença grave, com envolvimento sistêmico, complexo diagnóstico e tratamento. Desde a publicação dos atuais protocolos de conduta pela AHA/ASA, Neurocritical Care Society e European Stroke Organization de 2012-2013, houve evolução na compreensão da lesão cerebral associada à HSA e seus múltiplos mecanismos subjacentes. Como resultado, muitos trabalhos clínicos e translacionais foram desenvolvidos ou estão em andamento. Objetivos: O objetivo deste artigo é revisar algumas das atualizações no diagnóstico e tratamento de complicações neurológicas de HSA. Métodos: Revisão de Pubmed (Maio de 2010 a Fevereiro de 2022) foi realizada. Dados foram sintetizados. Resultados: O conteúdo de 5 metanálises, 9 artigos de revisão e 23 novos estudos clínicos, incluindo pilotos, foram sumarizados. Conclusões: Avanços na compreensão da fisiopatologia e melhorias no cuidado crítico têm se refletido na redução da mortalidade em HSA. Entretanto, apesar do volume de publicações, os únicos tratamentos que se mostraram efetivos com testes clínicos bem controlados são o uso de nimodipino e o tratamento dos aneurisma rotos. Assim, dúvidas acerca do manejo ideal em HSA ainda persistem.
Authors’ contributions:
The authors contributed equally to the manuscript
Correspondence
Thire Baggio Machado Marazzi; Email: thire.marazzi@fm.usp.br.
Publication History
Received: 13 March 2022
Accepted: 29 April 2022
Article published online:
06 February 2023
© 2022. Academia Brasileira de Neurologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil
-
References
- 1 Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Barker-Collo SL, Parag V. Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8 (04) P355-P369 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70025-0
- 2 Ingall T, Asplund K, Maähoönen M, Bonita R. A multinational comparison of subarachnoid hemorrhage epidemiology in the WHO MONICA stroke study. Stroke 2000; 31 (05) 1054-1061 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.31.5.1054
- 3 Connolly Jr ES, Rabinstein AA, Carhuapoma JR, Derdeyn CP, Dion J, Higashida RT. et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/american Stroke Association. Stroke 2012; 43 (06) 1711-1737 https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0b013e3182587839
- 4 Rouanet C, Silva GS. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: current concepts and updates. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2019; 77 (11) 806-814 https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282X20190112
- 5 Lovelock CE, Rinkel GJE, Rothwell PM. Time trends in outcome of subarachnoid hemorrhage: Population-based study and systematic review. Neurology 2010; 74 (19) 1494-1501 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181dd42b3
- 6 Diringer MN, Bleck TP, JC 3rd Hemphill, Menon D, Shutter L, Vespa P. et al. Critical care management of patients following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: recommendations from the Neurocritical Care Society's Multidisciplinary Consensus Conference. Neurocrit Care 2011; 15 (02) 211-240 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-011-9605-9
- 7 Steiner T, Juvela S, Unterberg A, Jung C, Forsting M, Rinkel G. European Stroke Organization. European Stroke Organization guidelines for the management of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 35 (02) 93-112 https://doi.org/10.1159/000346087
- 8 Perry JJ, Stiell IG, Sivilotti MLA, Bullard MJ, Hohl CM, Sutherland J. et al. Clinical decision rules to rule out subarachnoid hemorrhage for acute headache. JAMA 2013; 310 (12) 1248-1255 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.278018
- 9 Chou SH-Y. Subarachnoid hemorrhage. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2021; 27 (05) 1201-1245 https://doi.org/10.1212/CON.2022s1012022s1011052
- 10 Nelson SE, Sair HI, Stevens RD. Magnetic resonance imaging in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: current evidence and future directions. Neurocrit Care 2018; 29 (02) 241-252 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-018-0534-8
- 11 De Marchis GM, Filippi CG, Guo X, Pugin D, Gaffney CD, Dangayach NS. et al. Brain injury visible on early MRI after subarachnoid hemorrhage might predict neurological impairment and functional outcome. Neurocrit Care 2015; 22 (01) 74-81 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-014-0008-6
- 12 Sailer AMH, Wagemans BAJM, Nelemans PJ, de Graaf R, van Zwam WH. Diagnosing intracranial aneurysms with MR angiography: systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 2014; 45 (01) 119-126 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003133
- 13 Neifert SN, Chapman EK, Martini ML, Shuman WH, Schupper AJ, Oermann EK. et al. Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: the Last Decade. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12 (03) 428-446 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-020-00867-0
- 14 Shang S, Ye J, Luo X, Qu J, Zhen Y, Wu J. Follow-up assessment of coiled intracranial aneurysms using zTE MRA as compared with TOF MRA: a preliminary image quality study. Eur Radiol 2017; 27 (10) 4271-4280 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-017-4794-z
- 15 Fu Q, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Guo X, Xu H. et al. Qualitative and quantitative wall enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging is associated with symptoms of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Stroke 2021; 52 (01) 213-222 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.029685
- 16 Raghuram A, Varon A, Roa JA, Ishii D, Lu Y, Raghavan ML. et al. Semiautomated 3D mapping of aneurysmal wall enhancement with 7T-MRI. Sci Rep 2021; 11 (01) 18344-18344 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97727-0
- 17 Macdonald RL, Higashida RT, Keller E, Mayer SA, Molyneux A, Raabe A. et al. Clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage undergoing surgical clipping: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (CONSCIOUS-2). Lancet Neurol 2011; 10 (07) P618-P625 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70108-9
- 18 Osgood ML. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: review of the pathophysiology and management strategies. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2021; 21 (09) 50-50 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-021-01136-9
- 19 Geraghty JR, Davis JL, Testai FD. Neuroinflammation and Microvascular Dysfunction After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Emerging Components of Early Brain Injury Related to Outcome. Neurocrit Care 2019; 31 (02) 373-389 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-019-00710-x
- 20 Geraghty JR, Testai FD. Delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: beyond vasospasm and towards a multifactorial pathophysiology. Curr Atherocler Rep 2017; 19 (12) 50-50 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-017-0690-x
- 21 Baharoglu MI, Germans MR, Rinkel GJE, Algra A, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J. et al. Antifibrinolytic therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2013 (08) CD001245 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001245.pub2
- 22 Post R, Germans MR, Tjerkstra MA, Vergouwen MDI, Jellema K, Koot RW. et al. Ultra-early tranexamic acid after subarachnoid haemorrhage (ULTRA): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2021; 397 10269 112-118 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32518-6
- 23 Qian Z, Peng T, Liu A, Li Y, Jiang C, Yang H. et al. Early timing of endovascular treatment for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage achieves improved outcomes. Curr Neurovasc Res 2014; 11 (01) 16-22 https://doi.org/10.2174/1567202610666131210104606
- 24 Oudshoorn SC, Rinkel GJE, Molyneux AJ, Kerr RS, Mees SMD, Backes D. et al. Aneurysm treatment <24 versus 24-72 h after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2014; 21 (01) 4-13 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-014-9969-8
- 25 Phillips TJ, Dowling RJ, Yan B, Laidlaw JD, Mitchell PJ. Does treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms within 24 hours improve clinical outcome?. Stroke 2011; 42 (07) 1936-1945 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.602888
- 26 Rawal S, Alcaide-Leon P, Macdonald RL, Rinkel GJE, Victor JC, Krings T. et al. Meta-analysis of timing of endovascular aneurysm treatment in subarachnoid haemorrhage: inconsistent results of early treatment within 1 day. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88 (03) 241-248 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2016-314596
- 27 Sheth KN, Elm JJ, Molyneaux BJ, Hinson H, Beslow LA, Sze GK. et al. Safety and efficacy of intravenous glyburide on brain swelling after large hemispheric infarction (GAMES-RP): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15 (11) P1160-P1169 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30196-X
- 28 da Costa BBS, Windlin IC, Koterba E, Yamaki VN, Rabelo NN, Solla DJF. et al. Glibenclamide in Aneurysmatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (GASH): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20 (01) 413-413 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-019-3517-y
- 29 Anetsberger A, Gempt J, Blobner M, Ringel F, Bogdanski R, Heim M. et al. Impact of goal-directed therapy on delayed ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2020; 51 (08) 2287-2296 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.029279
- 30 Mees SMD, Algra A, Vandertop WP, van Kooten F, Kuijsten HA, Boiten J. et al. Magnesium for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (MASH-2): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2012; 380 9836 44-49 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60724-7
- 31 Kirkpatrick PJ, Turner CL, Smith C, Hutchinson PJ, Murray GD. STASH Collaborators. Simvastatin in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (STASH): a multicentre randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13 (07) P666-P675 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70084-5
- 32 Macdonald RL, Hänggi D, Ko NU, Darsaut TE, Carlson AP, Wong GK. et al. NEWTON-2 cisternal (nimodipine microparticles to enhance recovery while reducing toxicity after subarachnoid hemorrhage): a phase 2, multicenter, randomized, open-label safety study of intracisternal EG-1962 in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2020; 88 (01) E13-E26 https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyaa430
- 33 Amin-Hanjani S, Ogilvy CS, Barker FG. 2nd. Does intracisternal thrombolysis prevent vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage? A meta-analysis. Neurosurgery 2004; 54 (02) 326-334 https://doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000103488.94855.4f
- 34 Committee for Guidelines for Management of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Japanese Society on Surgery for Cerebral Stroke. Evidence-based guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage english edition. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2012; 52 (06) 355-429 https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.52.355
- 35 Kramer AH, Roberts DJ, Holodinsky J, Todd S, Hill MD, Zygun DA. et al. Intraventricular tissue plasminogen activator in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Neurocrit Care 2014; 21 (02) 275-284 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-014-9965-z
- 36 Etminan N, Beseoglu K, Eicker SO, Turowski B, Steiger H-J, Hänggi D. Prospective, randomized, open-label phase II trial on concomitant intraventricular fibrinolysis and low-frequency rotation after severe subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2013; 44 (08) 2162-2168 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001790
- 37 Saber H, Desai A, Palla M, Mohamed W, Seraji-Bozorgzad N, Ibrahim M. Efficacy of cilostazol in prevention of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27 (11) P2979-P2985 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.06.027
- 38 James RF, Khattar NK, Aljuboori ZS, Page PS, Shao EY, Carter LM. et al. Continuous infusion of low-dose unfractionated heparin after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preliminary study of cognitive outcomes. J Neurosurg 2018; 130 (05) 1460-1467 https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.11.JNS17894
- 39 Simard JM, Aldrich EF, Schreibman D, James RF, Polifka A, Beaty N. Low-dose intravenous heparin infusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preliminary assessment. J Neurosurg 2013; 119 (06) 1611-1619 https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.8.JNS1337
- 40 Neurocritical Care Society. 14th Annual Meeting. Neurocrit Care 2016; Sep;25(1 Suppl 1): 1-310 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-016-0301-7
- 41 Gathier CS, van den Bergh WM, van der Jagt M, Verweij BH, Dankbaar JW, Müller MC. et al. Induced hypertension for delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized clinical trial. Stroke 2017; 49 (01) 76-83 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.017956
- 42 Venkatraman A, Khawaja AM, Gupta S, Hardas S, Deveikis JP, Harrigan MR. et al. Intra-arterial vasodilators for vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. J Neurointerv Surg 2018; 10 (04) 380-387 https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2017-013128
- 43 Lannes M, Teitelbaum J, del Pilar Cortés M, Cardoso M, Angle M. Milrinone and homeostasis to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Montreal Neurological Hospital protocol. Neurocrit Care 2012; 16 (03) 354-362 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-012-9701-5
- 44 Crespy T, Heintzelmann M, Chiron C, Vinclair M, Tahon F, Francony G. et al. Which Protocol for Milrinone to Treat Cerebral Vasospasm Associated With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage?. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2019; 31 (03) 323-329 https://doi.org/10.1097/ANA.2022s1012022s1010527
- 45 Lannes M, Zeiler F, Guichon C, Teitelbaum J. The use of milrinone in patients with delayed cerebral ischemia following subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Can J Neurol Sci 2017; 44 (02) 152-160 https://doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2016.316
- 46 Shapiro S. Milrinone in addition to hyperdynamic therapy in the treatment of vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clin Trial 2018; NCT02712788
- 47 Alamri AS, Alturki A, Badawy M, Letourneau J, Lannes M, Angle M. et al. Abstract TMP101: safety and outcome of high doses iv milirinone in subarachnoid hemorrhage with refractory vasospasm. Stroke 2016; Feb 16;47(1 Suppl 1): ATMP101 https://doi.org/10.1161/str.47.suppl_1.tmp101
- 48 Naidech A, Du Y, Kreiter KT, Parra A, Fitzsimmons B-F, Lavine SD. et al. Dobutamine versus milrinone after subarachnoid hemorrhage.. Neurosurgery 2005; 56 (01) 21-27 https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000144780.97392.D7
- 49 Mutoh TM, Kobayashi S, Kazumata K, Ishikawa T, Suzuki A. Dobutamine versus mirlinone for intensive hyperdynamic therapy to relieve focal cerebral ischemia caused by vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Circulation 2011; 124 (21) A8110-A8110