Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2022-S120
Diagnostic pitfalls in functional neurological disorders
Armadilhas diagnósticas em transtornos neurológicos funcionaisABSTRACT
The diagnosis of functional neurological disorders is a major challenge in neurologist practice. Some clinical strategies can facilitate the recognition of functional disorders, but several pitfalls make their diagnosis difficult. Here we highlight the following points of attention during evaluation of patients with functional disorder: not all bizarre behavior is functional; not every event triggered by an emotional factor is a functional disorder; not every topographic incongruity is a functional disorder; patients may present functional and organic symptoms at the same time; psychiatric comorbid condition is not always evident in the history of a functional disorder; problematic communication at the time of diagnosis can compromise treatment and prognosis. In conclusion, we emphasize that special attention to these possible pitfalls facilitate the correct diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorders.
RESUMO
O diagnóstico dos transtornos neurológicos funcionais é um grande desafio na prática do neurologista. Algumas estratégias clínicas podem facilitar o reconhecimento de transtornos funcionais, porém várias armadilhas dificultam o seu diagnóstico. Destacamos aqui os seguintes pontos de atenção durante a avaliação de pacientes com transtorno funcional: nem todo comportamento bizarro é funcional; nem todo evento desencadeado por um fator emocional é um transtorno funcional; nem toda incongruência topográfica é um transtorno funcional; pacientes podem apresentar ao mesmo tempo sintomas funcionais e orgânicos; condição psiquiátrica comórbida nem sempre é evidente na história de um transtorno funcional; comunicação problemática no momento do diagnóstico pode comprometer o tratamento e prognóstico. Em conclusão, enfatizamos que atenção especial a essas possíveis armadilhas, facilitam o diagnóstico e manejo corretos dos transtornos neurológicos funcionais.
Authors’ contributions:
LHPF: conceptualization, methodology, writing - original draft, visualization; EGM: conceptualization, methodology, writing - review and editing, supervision.
Publication History
Received: 15 March 2022
Accepted: 29 April 2022
Article published online:
06 February 2023
© 2022. Academia Brasileira de Neurologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil
-
References
- 1 Stone J, Carson A, Duncan R, Roberts R, Warlow C, Hibberd C. et al. Who is referred to neurology clinics? -- The diagnoses made in 3781 new patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112 (09) 747-751 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2010.05.011
- 2 Beharry J, Palmer D, Wu T, Wilson D, Le Heron C, Mason D. et al. Functional neurological disorders presenting as emergencies to secondary care. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28 (05) 1441-1445 https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14728
- 3 Carson A, Hallett M, Stone J. Assessment of patients with functional neurologic disorders. Handb Clin Neurol 2016; 139: 169-188 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801772-2.00015-1
- 4 Espay AJ, Aybek S, Carson A, Edwards MJ, Goldstein LH, Hallett M. et al. Current concepts in diagnosis and treatment of functional neurological disorders. JAMA Neurol 2018; 75 (09) 1132-1141 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.1264
- 5 Hassan A, Josephs KA. Alien hand syndrome. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2016; 16 (08) 73-73 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-016-0676-z
- 6 Montini A, Loddo G, Baldelli L, Cilea R, Provini F. Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy vs disorders of arousal in adults: a step-wise approach to diagnosis. Chest 2021; 160 (01) P319-P329 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.01.059
- 7 Stone J, Smyth R, Carson A, Warlow C, Sharpe M. La belle indifférence in conversion symptoms and hysteria: Systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 188 (03) 204-209 https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.188.3.204
- 8 van Meerkerk-Aanen P, de Vroege L, Khasho D, Foruz A, van Asseldonk JT, van der Feltz-Cornelis CM. La belle indifférence revisited: a case report on progressive supranuclear palsy misdiagnosed as conversion disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13: 2057-2067 https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S130475
- 9 Amorim IL, Pereira C, Sequeira J, Rocha H, Peralta AR, Rego R. et al. Gelastic seizures: a retrospective study in five tertiary hospital centres. Epileptic Disorders 2020; 22 (02) 165-175 https://doi.org/10.1684/epd.2020.1153
- 10 Sauvé WM. Recognizing and treating pseudobulbar affect. CNS Spectr 2016; 21 S1 34-44 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852916000791
- 11 Keynejad RC, Frodl T, Kanaan R, Pariante C, Reuber M, Nicholson TR. Stress and functional neurological disorders: mechanistic insights. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90 (07) 813-821 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-318297
- 12 van Dijk JG, van Rossum IA, Thijs RD. The pathophysiology of vasovagal syncope: novel insights. Auton Neurosci 2021; 236: 102899-102899 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102899
- 13 Reading P. Cataplexy. Pract Neurol 2019; 19 (01) 21-27 https://doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2018-002001
- 14 Stone J, Carson A, Duncan R, Roberts R, Coleman R, Warlow C. et al. Which neurological diseases are most likely to be associated with “symptoms unexplained by organic disease”. J Neurol 2012; 259 (01) 33-38 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-011-6111-0
- 15 Finkelstein SA, Cortel-LeBlanc MA, Cortel-LeBlanc A, Stone J. Functional neurological disorder in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2021; 28 (06) 685-696 https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.14263
- 16 Mehndiratta MM, Kumar M, Nayak R, Garg H, Pandey S. Hoover′s sign: clinical relevance in neurology. J Postgrad Med 2014; 60 (03) 297-299 https://doi.org/10.4103/0022-3859.138769
- 17 Stone J, Edwards M. Trick or treat? Showing patients with functional (psychogenic) motor symptoms their physical signs. Neurology 2012; 79 (03) 282-284 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31825fdf63
- 18 Lehn A, Gelauff J, Hoeritzauer I, Ludwig L, McWhirter L, Williams S. et al. Functional neurological disorders: mechanisms and treatment. J Neurol 2016; 263 (03) 611-620 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-015-7893-2