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DOI: 10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2022-S125
Why are CGRP monoclonal antibodies not yet the first line treatment in migraine prevention?
Por que os anticorpos monoclonais anti-CGRP ainda não são a primeira linha de tratamento preventivo da migrânea?ABSTRACT
Migraine is a prevalent disorder and a cause of high disability, influenced by modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Comorbid and psychiatric illnesses are prevalent in migraine patients and should be considered when choosing preventive drugs. There have been unforeseen problems with the use of preventive treatment of migraine with oral drugs, mainly due to side-effects that cannot be tolerated and lack of efficacy, leading to high discontinuation rates. Anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have shown better tolerance profiles, based on the low dropout rates in clinical trials due to adverse events. First-line therapy is a term most expressed in some medical specialties that adopt standardized protocol treatments and may not be suitable for treating migraine. Regarding efficacy, mAbs don’t seem to perform much better than the current prophylactic oral drugs in reduction of monthly migraine days compared to placebo. Monoclonal antibodies against CGRP pathway have been prescribed recently, which raises some concern about their safety in the long term. Only side effects observation will confirm whether CGRP blockade causes susceptibility to severe side-effects, at least to specific subpopulations. CGRP may play a role in regulating uteroplacental blood flow and myometrial and uterine relaxation, as well as blood pressure control, raising the suspicion that its blockade could cause complications during pregnancy. Recent guidelines retain the recommendation of starting preventive treatment of migraine with oral drugs. Both the fact that it is new and costs are the reason why guidelines recommend the prescription of mAbs only after failure of at least two oral drugs.
RESUMO
A migrânea é uma condição prevalente e motivo de grande incapacidade, influenciada por fatores de risco modificáveis e não-modificáveis. Comorbidades e doenças psiquiátricas são prevalentes em doentes com migrânea e devem ser levadas em consideração na escolha do tratamento profilático com medicações orais. Os anticorpos monoclonais anti-CGRP possuem melhor perfil de tolerabilidade, baseando-se nos baixos indicadores de desistência devido a efeitos colaterais em ensaios clínicos. O termo “tratamento de primeira linha” é muito utilizado em algumas especialidades médicas que adotam protocolos de tratamento padronizados e pode não ser adequado à migrânea. Quanto à eficácia, os anticorpos monoclonais não possuem desempenho muito superior que os medicamentos profiláticos orais atuais no tocante à redução de dias de migrânea por mês, quando comparados ao placebo. Os anticorpos monoclonais anti-CGRP são recentes no mercado, o que leva a suspeitas quanto à sua segurança a longo prazo. Apenas a vigilância de efeitos adversos confirmará se o bloqueio da via do CGRP não leva à suscetibilidade de efeitos colaterais graves, ao menos em subpopulações específicas. O CGRP pode ter um papel na regulação do fluxo sanguíneo uteroplacentário, bem como no relaxamento do miométrio e do útero e controle da pressão arterial, levando à possibilidade de que o seu bloqueio poderia causar complicações durante a gestação. Guidelines recentes recomendam o início do tratamento preventivo da migrânea com drogas orais. Tanto a precocidade quanto os elevados custos são a razão porque os guidelines orientam a prescrição de anticorpos monoclonais após falha a pelo menos duas medicações orais.
Keywords:
Antibodies, Monoclonal - Costs and Cost Analysis - Efficacy - Health Services Needs and Demand - Migraine Disorders - Headache - Pharmaceutical Preparations - Prescriptions - Safety - Surveillance - TherapeuticsPalavras-chave:
Anticorpos Monoclonais - Custos e Análise de Custo - Eficácia - Cefaleia - Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde - Transtornos de Enxaqueca - Preparações Farmacêuticas - Prescrições - Segurança - Vigilância - TerapêuticaAuthors’ contributions:
CVMGS: was responsible for the literature review, writing and reviewing of the manuscript.
Publication History
Received: 21 March 2022
Accepted: 29 April 2022
Article published online:
06 February 2023
© 2022. Academia Brasileira de Neurologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
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