Guidelines for Parkinson’s disease treatment: consensus from the Movement Disorders Scientific Department of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology - motor symptoms

Roberta Arb Saba; Débora Palma Maia; Francisco Eduardo Costa Cardoso; Vanderci Borges; Luiz Augusto F. Andrade; Henrique Ballalai Ferraz; Egberto Reis Barbosa; Carlos Roberto de Mello Rieder; Delson José da Silva; Hsin Fen Chien; Tamine Capato; Ana Lúcia Rosso; Carlos Frederico Lima Souza; José Marcelo Ferreia Bezerra; Denise Nicaretta; Orlando Graziani Povoas Barsottini; Clécio Godeiro-Júnior; Lorena Broseghini Barcelos; Rubens Gisbert Cury; Mariana Spitz; Sônia Maria César Azevedo Silva; Marcus Vinicius Della Colletta

doi:10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2021-0219

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, Table of Contents

CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2022; 80(03): 316-329
DOI: 10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2021-0219

Brazilian Academy of Neurology

Guidelines for Parkinson’s disease treatment: consensus from the Movement Disorders Scientific Department of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology - motor symptoms

Diretrizes para o tratamento da doença de Parkinson: consenso do Departamento Científico de Transtornos do Movimento da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia - sintomas motores

Roberta Arb Saba

¹Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia, Setor de Transtornos do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brazil.

²Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual, Serviço de Neurologia, Setor de Transtornos do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brazil.

,

Débora Palma Maia

³Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Neurologia, Setor de Transtornos do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brazil.

,

Francisco Eduardo Costa Cardoso

³Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Neurologia, Setor de Transtornos do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brazil.

,

Vanderci Borges

¹Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia, Setor de Transtornos do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brazil.

,

Luiz Augusto F. Andrade

⁴Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo SP, Brazil.

,

Henrique Ballalai Ferraz

¹Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia, Setor de Transtornos do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brazil.

,

Egberto Reis Barbosa

⁵Universidade de Saão Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, Centro de Distuírbios do Movimento, Saão Paulo SP, Brazil.

,

Carlos Roberto de Mello Rieder

⁶Universidade Federal de Ciências de Saúde de Porto Alegre, Hospital Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil.

,

Delson José da Silva

⁷Hospital das clínicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia GO, Brazil.

,

Hsin Fen Chien

⁵Universidade de Saão Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, Centro de Distuírbios do Movimento, Saão Paulo SP, Brazil.

,

Tamine Capato

⁵Universidade de Saão Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, Centro de Distuírbios do Movimento, Saão Paulo SP, Brazil.

,

Ana Lúcia Rosso

⁹Serviço de Neurologia Prof. Sérgio Novis, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.

,

Carlos Frederico Lima Souza

¹⁰Universidade de Pernambuco, Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, Recife PE, Brazil.

,

José Marcelo Ferreia Bezerra

¹¹Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.

,

Denise Nicaretta

¹²Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.

,

Orlando Graziani Povoas Barsottini

¹Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia, Setor de Transtornos do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brazil.

,

Clécio Godeiro-Júnior

¹³Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Natal RN, Brazil.

,

Lorena Broseghini Barcelos

¹Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia, Setor de Transtornos do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brazil.

,

Rubens Gisbert Cury

⁵Universidade de Saão Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, Centro de Distuírbios do Movimento, Saão Paulo SP, Brazil.

,

Mariana Spitz

¹⁴Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.

,

Sônia Maria César Azevedo Silva

¹Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia, Setor de Transtornos do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brazil.

²Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual, Serviço de Neurologia, Setor de Transtornos do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brazil.

,

Marcus Vinicius Della Colletta

⁸Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus AM, Brazil.

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

ABSTRACT

The treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) is challenging, especially since it is considered highly individualized. The Brazilian Academy of Neurology has recognized the need to disseminate knowledge about the management of PD treatment, adapting the best evidence to the Brazilian reality. Thus, the main published treatment guidelines were reviewed based on the recommendations of group from the Movement Disorders Scientific Department of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology.

Resumo

O tratamento da doença de Parkinson (DP) constitui um desafio, especialmente por ser considerado muito individualizado. A Academia Brasileira de Neurologia (ABN) identificou a necessidade de disseminar o conhecimento sobre o manejo do tratamento da DP, adaptando as melhores evidências à realidade brasileira. Assim, foi realizada uma revisão sobre as principais orientações de tratamento publicadas, baseada nas recomendações elaboradas por um grupo de especialistas em transtornos do movimento do departamento científico da ABN.

Keywords:

Parkinson Disease - Antiparkinson Agents - Deep Brain Stimulation - Rehabilitation

Palavra-chave:

Doença de Parkinson - Antiparkinsonianos - Estimulação Encefálica Profunda - Reabilitação

Full Text

References

REFERENCES
1 Parkinson J. An essay on the shaking palsy. 1817. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002; 14 (02) 223-236 https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.14.2.223
2 Gronseth GS, Cox J, Gloss D, Merillat S, Dittman J, Armstrong MJ. et al. 2017 Edition Clinical Practice Guideline Process Manual. Minneapolis(MN): American Academy of Neurology; 2017
3 Contin M, Riva R, Albani F, Baruzzi A. Pharmacokinetic optimisation in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996; 30 (06) 463-481 https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199630060-00004
4 Hutton JT, Metman LV, Chase TN, Juncos JL, Koller WC, Pahwa R. et al. Transdermal dopaminergic D(2) receptor agonist therapy in Parkinson’s disease with N-0923 TDS: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord 2001; 16 (03) 459-463 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.1085
5 Serratrice J, Disdier P, Habib G, Viallet F, Weiller P-J. Fibrotic valvular heart disease subsequent to bromocriptine treatment. Cardiol Rev 2002; 10 (06) 334-336 https://doi.org/10.1097/00045415-200211000-00005
6 Andersohn F, Garbe E. Cardiac and noncardiac fibrotic reactions caused by ergot-and nonergot-derived dopamine agonists. Mov Disord 2009; 24 (01) 129-133 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22385
7 Jankovic J, Stacy M. Medical management of levodopa-associated motor complications in patients with Parkinson’s disease. CNS Drugs 2007; 21 (08) 677-692 https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200721080-00005
8 Cabreira V, Soares-da-Silva P, Massano J. Contemporary options for the management of motor complications in Parkinson’s disease: updated clinical review. Drugs 2019; 79 (06) 593-608 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-019-01098-w
9 Rodrigues FB, Ferreira JJ. Opicapone for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18 (04) 445-453 https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2017.1294683
10 Crosby N, Deane KH, Clarke CE. Amantadine in Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 2003 (01) CD003468 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003468
11 Connolly BS, Lang AE. Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson disease: a review. JAMA 2014; 311 (16) 1670-1683 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.36
12 Jabbari B, Scherokman B, Gunderson CH, Rosenberg ML, Miller J. Treatment of movement disorders with trihexyphenidyl. Mov Disord 1989; 4 (03) 202-212 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870040302
13 Anticholinergic therapies in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord.. 2002 Jul-Aug; 17 Suppl 4 S7-12 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.5556
14 Perry EK, Kilford L, Lees AJ, Burn DJ, Perry RH. Increased Alzheimer pathology in Parkinson’s disease related to antimuscarinic drugs. Ann Neurol 2003; Aug; 54 (02) 235-238 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.10639
15 Katzenschlager R, Sampaio C, Costa J, Lees A. Anticholinergics for symptomatic management of Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 2002 (02) CD003735 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003735
16 Fox SH. Non-dopaminergic treatments for motor control in Parkinson’s disease. Drugs 2013; 73 (13) 1405-1415 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-013-0105-4
17 Walker JE, Albers JW, Tourtellotte WW, Henderson WG, Potvin AR, Smith A. A qualitative and quantitative evaluation of amantadine in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. J Chronic Dis 1972; 25 (03) 149-182 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(72)90171-3
18 Walker JE, Potvin A, Tourtellotte W, Albers J, Repa B, Henderson W. et al. Amantadine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1972; 13 (01) 28-36 https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt197213128
19 Parkinson Study Group. Effects of tocopherol and deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 1993; 328 (03) 176-183 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199301213280305
20 Ives NJ, Stowe RL, Marro J, Counsell C, Macleod A, Clarke CE. et al. Monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors in early Parkinson’s disease: meta-analysis of 17 randomised trials involving 3525 patients. BMJ 2004; 329 7466 593 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38184.606169.AE
21 Macleod AD, Counsell CE, Ives N, Stowe R. Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors for early Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; (03) CD004898 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004898.pub2
22 Parkinson Study Group. A controlled trial of rasagiline in early Parkinson disease: the TEMPO study. Arch Neurol 2002; 59 (12) 1937-1943 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.59.12.1937
23 Olanow CW, Rascol O, Hauser R, Feigin PD, Jankovic J, Lang A. et al. A double-blind, delayed-start trial of rasagiline in Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 2009; 361 (13) 1268-1278 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0809335
24 Hauser RA, Silver D, Choudhry A, Eyal E, Isaacson S. ANDANTE study investigators. Randomized, controlled trial of rasagiline as an add-on to dopamine agonists in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2014; 29 (08) 1028-1034 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25877
25 Chang Y, Wang L-B, Li D, Lei K, Liu S-Y. Efficacy of rasagiline for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: an updated meta-analysis. Ann Med 2017; 49 (05) 421-434 https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2017.1293285
26 Stocchi F, Borgohain R, Onofrj M, Schapira AHV, Bhatt M, Lucini V. et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of safinamide as add-on therapy in early Parkinson’s disease patients. Mov Disord 2012; 27 (01) 106-112 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23954
27 Schapira AHV, Stocchi F, Borgohain R, Onofrj M, Bhatt M, Lorenzana P. et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of safinamide as add-on therapy in early Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20 (02) 271-280 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03840.x
28 Hely MA, Morris JG, Reid WG, O’Sullivan DJ, Williamson PM, Rail D. et al. The Sydney Multicentre Study of Parkinson’s disease: a randomised, prospective five-year study comparing low dose bromocriptine with low dose levodopa-carbidopa. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57 (08) 903-910 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.57.8.903
29 Korczyn AD, Brooks DJ, Brunt ER, Poewe WH, Rascol O, Stocchi F. Ropinirole versus bromocriptine in the treatment of early Parkinson’s disease: a 6-month interim report of a 3-year study. 053 Study Group. Mov Disord 1998; 13 (01) 46-51 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870130112
30 Parkinson Study Group. Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2000; 284 (15) 1931-1938 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.15.1931
31 Safety and efficacy of pramipexole in early Parkinson disease. A randomized dose-ranging study. Parkinson Study Group. JAMA 1997; 278 (02) 125-130 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550020057038
32 Shannon KM, Bennett Jr JP, Friedman JH. Efficacy of pramipexole, a novel dopamine agonist, as monotherapy in mild to moderate Parkinson’s disease. The Pramipexole Study Group. Neurology 1997; 49 (03) 724-728 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.49.3.724
33 Parkinson Study Group CALM Cohort Investigators. Long-term effect of initiating pramipexole vs levodopa in early Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 2009; 66 (05) 563-570 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2009.32
34 Watts RL, Jankovic J, Waters C, Rajput A, Boroojerdi B, Rao J. Randomized, blind, controlled trial of transdermal rotigotine in early Parkinson disease. Neurology 2007; 68 (04) 272-276 https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000252355.79284.22
35 Fahn S, Oakes D, Shoulson I, Kieburtz K, Rudolph A, Lang A. et al. Levodopa and the progression of Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351 (24) 2498-2508 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa033447
36 Koller WC, Hutton JT, Tolosa E, Capilldeo R. Immediate-release and controlled-release carbidopa/levodopa in PD: a 5-year randomized multicenter study. Carbidopa/Levodopa Study Group. Neurology 1999; 53 (05) 1012-1019 https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.53.5.1012
37 Verschuur CVM, Suwijn SR, Boel JA, Post B, Bloem BR, van Hilten JJ. et al. Randomized delayed-start trial of levodopa in Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 2019; 380 (04) 315-324 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1809983
38 Freitas ME, Hess CW, Fox SH. Motor complications of dopaminergic medications in Parkinson’s disease. Semin Neurol 2017; 37 (02) 147-157 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1602423
39 Contin M, Martinelli P. Pharmacokinetics of levodopa. J Neurol 2010; 257 (Suppl. 02) S253-61 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-010-5728-8
40 Barichella M, Marczewska A, De Notaris R, Vairo A, Baldo C, Mauri A. et al. Special low-protein foods ameliorate postprandial off in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2006; 21 (10) 1682-1687 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21003
41 Hutton JT, Dippel RL, Bianchine JR, Strahlendorf HK, Meyer PG. Controlled-release carbidopa/levodopa in the treatment of Parkinsonism. Clin Neuropharmacol 1984; 7 (02) 135-139 https://doi.org/10.1097/00002826-198406000-00003
42 Pahwa R, Busenbark K, Huber SJ, Michalek D, Hubble JP, Koller WC. Clinical experience with controlled-release carbidopa/levodopa in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1993; 43 (04) 677-681 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.43.4.677
43 Ghika J, Gachoud JP, Gasser U. Clinical efficacy and tolerability of a new levodopa/benserazide dual-release formulation in parkinsonian patients. L-Dopa Dual-Release Study Group. Clin Neuropharmacol 1997; 20 (02) 130-139 https://doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199704000-00004
44 Stocchi F, Tagliati M, Olanow CW. Treatment of levodopa-induced motor complications. Mov Disord 2008; 23 (Suppl. 03) S599-612 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22052
45 Pahwa R, Factor SA, Lyons KE, Ondo WG, Gronseth G, Bronte-Stewart H. et al. Practice Parameter: treatment of Parkinson disease with motor fluctuations and dyskinesia (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2006; 66 (07) 983-995 https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000215250.82576.87
46 Lieberman A, Ranhosky A, Korts D. Clinical evaluation of pramipexole in advanced Parkinson’s disease: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Neurology 1997; 49 (01) 162-168 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.49.1.162
47 Guttman M. Double-blind comparison of pramipexole and bromocriptine treatment with placebo in advanced Parkinson’s disease. International Pramipexole-Bromocriptine group. Neurology 1997; 49: 1060-1065 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.49.4.1060
48 Mizuno Y, Yanagisawa N, Kuno S, Yamamoto M, Hasegawa K, Origasa H. et al. Randomized, double-blind study of pramipexole with placebo and bromocriptine in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2003; 18 (10) 1149-1156 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.10508
49 Wong KS, Lu C-S, Shan D-E, Yang C-C, Tsoi TH, Mok V. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of pramipexole in untreated and levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci 2003; 216 (01) 81-87 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-510x(03)00217-x
50 Poewe WH, Rascol O, Quinn N, Tolosa E, Oertel WH, Martignoni E. et al. Efficacy of pramipexole and transdermal rotigotine in advanced Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind, double-dummy, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6 (06) P513-20 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70108-4
51 LeWitt PA, Lyons KE, Pahwa R. SP 650 Study Group. Advanced Parkinson disease treated with rotigotine transdermal system: PREFER Study. Neurology 2007; 68 (16) 1262-1267 https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000259516.61938.bb
52 LeWitt PA, Boroojerdi B, Surmann E, Poewe W. SP716 Study Group; SP715 Study Group. Rotigotine transdermal system for long-term treatment of patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease: results of two open-label extension studies, CLEOPATRA-PD and PREFER. J Neural Transm 2013; 120 (07) 1069-1081 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-012-0925-5
53 Widnell KL, Comella C. Role of COMT inhibitors and dopamine agonists in the treatment of motor fluctuations. Mov Disord 2005; 20 (Suppl. 01) S30-7 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20461
54 Li J, Lou Z, Liu X, Sun Y, Chen J. Efficacy and safety of adjuvant treatment with entacapone in advanced Parkinson’s disease with motor fluctuation: a systematic meta-analysis. Eur Neurol 2017; 78 3-4 143-153 https://doi.org/10.1159/000479555
55 Parkinson Study Group. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of rasagiline in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations: the PRESTO study. Arch Neurol 2005; 62 (02) 241-248 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.62.2.241
56 Rascol O, Brooks DJ, Melamed E, Oertel W, Poewe W, Stocchi F. et al. Rasagiline as an adjunct to levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease and motor fluctuations (LARGO, Lasting effect in Adjunct therapy with Rasagiline Given Once daily, study): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Lancet 2005; 365 9463 947-954 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71083-7
57 Cattaneo C, Sardina M, Bonizzoni E. Safinamide as add-on therapy to levodopa in mid- to late-stage Parkinson’s disease fluctuating patients: post hoc analyses of studies 016 and SETTLE. J Parkinsons Dis 2016; 6 (01) 165-173 https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-150700
58 Borgohain R, Szasz J, Stanzione P, Meshram C, Bhatt M, Chirilineau D. et al. Randomized trial of safinamide add-on to levodopa in Parkinson’s disease with motor fluctuations. Mov Disord 2014; 29 (02) 229-237 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25751
59 Espay AJ, Morgante F, Merola A, Fasano A, Marsili L, Fox SH. et al. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson disease: current and evolving concepts. Ann Neurol 2018; 84 (06) 797-811 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25364
60 Metman LV, Del Dotto P, van den Munckhof P, Fang J, Mouradian MM, Chase TN. Amantadine as treatment for dyskinesias and motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1998; 50 (05) 1323-1326 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.50.5.1323
61 Thomas A, Iacono D, Luciano AL, Armellino K, Di Iorio A, Onofrj M. Duration of amantadine benefit on dyskinesia of severe Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75 (01) 141-143
62 Wolf E, Seppi K, Katzenschlager R, Hochschorner G, Ransmayr G, Schwingenschuh P. et al. Long-term antidyskinetic efficacy of amantadine in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2010; 25 (10) 1357-1363 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23034
63 Ory-Magne F, Corvol J-C, Azulay J-P, Bonnet A-M, Brefel-Courbon C, Damier P. et al. Withdrawing amantadine in dyskinetic patients with Parkinson disease: the AMANDYSK trial. Neurology 2014; 82 (04) 300-307 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.20210219202102190050
64 Durif F, Debilly B, Galitzky M, Morand D, Viallet F, Borg M. et al. Clozapine improves dyskinesias in Parkinson disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurology 2004; 62 (03) 381-388 https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000110317.52453.6c
65 Gomide L, Kummer A, Cardoso F, Teixeira AL. Use of clozapine in Brazilian patients with Parkinson’s disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2008; 66 (03) 611-614 https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2008000500001
66 Deuschl G, Schade-Brittinger C, Krack P, Volkmann J, Schäfer H, Bötzel K. et al. A randomized trial of deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 2006; 355 (09) 896-908 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa060281
67 Williams A, Gill S, Varma T, Jenkinson C, Quinn N, Mitchell R. et al. Deep brain stimulation plus best medical therapy versus best medical therapy alone for advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD SURG trial): a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9 (06) P581-91 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70093-4
68 Lee DJ, Lozano CS, Dallapiazza RF, Lozano AM. Current and future directions of deep brain stimulation for neurological and psychiatric disorders. J Neurosurg 2019; 131 (02) 333-342 https://doi.org/10.3171/2019.4.JNS181761
69 Koeglsperger T, Palleis C, Hell F, Mehrkens JH, Bötzel K. Deep brain stimulation programming for movement disorders: current concepts and evidence-based strategies. Front Neurol 2019; 10: 410 https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00410
70 Castrioto A, Lozano AM, Poon Y-Y, Lang AE, Fallis M, Moro E. Ten-year outcome of subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson disease: a blinded evaluation. Arch Neurol 2011; 68 (12) 1550-1556 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2011.182
71 Ferreira JJ, Katzenschlager R, Bloem BR, Bonuccelli U, Burn D, Deuschl G. et al. Summary of the recommendations of the EFNS/MDS-ES review on therapeutic management of Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20 (01) 5-15 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03866.x
72 Munhoz RP, Picillo M, Fox SH, Bruno V, Panisset M, Honey CR. et al. Eligibility criteria for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease, tremor, and dystonia. Can J Neurol Sci 2016; 43 (04) 462-471 https://doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2016.35
73 Pollak P. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease - patient selection. Handb Clin Neurol 2013; 116: 97-105 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53497-2.00009-7
74 Lhommée E, Wojtecki L, Czernecki V, Witt K, Maier F, Tonder L. et al. Behavioural outcomes of subthalamic stimulation and medical therapy versus medical therapy alone for Parkinson’s disease with early motor complications (EARLYSTIM trial): secondary analysis of an open-label randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17 (03) P223-31 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30035-8
75 Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Lim S-Y, Barton B, de Bie RMA, Seppi K. et al. International Parkinson and movement disorder society evidence-based medicine review: update on treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2018; 33 (08) 1248-1266 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27372
76 DeLong MR, Huang KT, Gallis J, Lokhnygina Y, Parente B, Hickey P. et al. Effect of advancing age on outcomes of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol 2014; 71 (10) 1290-1295 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1272
77 Rossi M, Bruno V, Arena J, Cammarota Á, Merello M. Challenges in PD patient management after DBS: a pragmatic review. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2018; 5 (03) 246-254 https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12592
78 Rughani A, Schwalb JM, Sidiropoulos C, Pilitsis J, Ramirez-Zamora A, Sweet JA. et al. Congress of neurological surgeons systematic review and evidence-based guideline on subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation for the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease: executive summary. Neurosurgery 2018; 82 (06) 753-756 https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyy037
79 Follett KA, Weaver FM, Stern M, Hur K, Harris CL, Luo P. et al. Pallidal versus subthalamic deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 2010; 362 (22) 2077-2091 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0907083
80 Krack P, Volkmann J, Tinkhauser G, Deuschl G. Deep brain stimulation in movement disorders: from experimental surgery to evidence-based therapy. Mov Disord 2019; 34 (12) 1795-1810 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27860
81 Kalia LV, Lang AE. Parkinson’s disease. Lancet 2015; 386 9996 896-912 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61393-3
82 Keus SHJ Munneke M. Evidence-based analysis of physical therapy in Parkinson’s disease with recommendations for practice and research. Mov Disord 2007; 22 (04) 451-460 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21244
83 Mak MKY, Hui-Chan CWY. Cued task-specific training is better than exercise in improving sit-to-stand in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Mov Disord 2008; 23 (04) 501-509 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21509
84 Monticone M, Ambrosini E, Laurini A, Rocca B, Foti C. In-patient multidisciplinary rehabilitation for Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Mov Disord 2015; 30 (08) 1050-1058 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26256
85 Nieuwboer A, Kwakkel G, Rochester L, Jones D, van Wegen E, Willems AM. et al. Cueing training in the home improves gait-related mobility in Parkinson’s disease: the RESCUE trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78 (02) 134-140 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.200X.097923
86 Lim I, van Wegen E, de Goede C, Deutekom M, Nieuwboer A, Willems A. et al. Effects of external rhythmical cueing on gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil 2005; 19 (07) 695-713 https://doi.org/10.1191/0269215505cr906oa
87 Ginis P, Nackaerts E, Nieuwboer A, Heremans E. Cueing for people with Parkinson’s disease with freezing of gait: a narrative review of the state-of-the-art and novel perspectives. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2018; 61 (06) 407-413 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2017.08.002
88 Nutt JG, Bloem BR, Giladi N, Hallett M, Horak FB, Nieuwboer A. Freezing of gait: moving forward on a mysterious clinical phenomenon. Lancet Neurol 2011; 10 (08) 734-744 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70143-0
89 Rochester L, Baker K, Hetherington V, Jones D, Willems A-M, Kwakkel G. et al. Evidence for motor learning in Parkinson’s disease: acquisition, automaticity and retention of cued gait performance after training with external rhythmical cues. Brain Res 2010; 1319: 103-111 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.001
90 Strouwen C, Molenaar EALM, Münks L, Keus SHJ, Zijlmans JCM, Vandenberghe W. et al. Training dual tasks together or apart in Parkinson’s disease: results from the DUALITY trial. Mov Disord 2017; 32 (08) 1201-1210 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27014
91 Frazzitta G, Maestri R, Uccellini D, Bertotti G, Abelli P. Rehabilitation treatment of gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease with freezing: a comparison between two physical therapy protocols using visual and auditory cues with or without treadmill training. Mov Disord 2009; 24 (08) 1139-1143 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22491
92 Canning CG, Sherrington C, Lord SR, Close JCT, Heritier S, Heller GZ. et al. Exercise for falls prevention in Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2015; 84 (03) 304-312 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.20210219202102191155
93 Conradsson D, Löfgren N, Nero H, Hagströmer M, Ståhle A, Lökk J. et al. The effects of highly challenging balance training in elderly with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2015; 29 (09) 827-836 https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968314567150
94 Capato TTC, de Vries NM, IntHout J, Barbosa ER, Nonnekes J, Bloem BR. Multimodal balance training supported by rhythmical auditory stimuli in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized clinical trial. J Parkinsons Dis 2020; 10 (01) 333-346 https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-191752
95 Capato TTC, de Vries NM, IntHout J, Ramjith J, Barbosa ER, Nonnekes J. et al. Multimodal balance training supported by rhythmic auditory stimuli in Parkinson disease: effects in freezers and nonfreezers. Phys Ther 2020; 100 (11) 2023-2034 https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzaa146
96 Capato TTC, Nonnekes J, de Vries NM, IntHout J, Barbosa ER, Bloem BR. Effects of multimodal balance training supported by rhythmical auditory stimuli in people with advanced stages of Parkinson’s disease: a pilot randomized clinical trial. J Neurol Sci 2020; 418: 117086 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.117086
97 Ortelli P, Ferrazzoli D, Bera R, Caremani L, Giladi N, Maestri R. et al. Effectiveness of a goal-based intensive rehabilitation in Parkinsonian patients in advanced stages of disease. J Parkinsons Dis 2018; 8 (01) 113-119 https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-171247
98 Schenkman M, Moore CG, Kohrt WM, Hall DA, Delitto A, Comella CL. et al. Effect of high-intensity treadmill exercise on motor symptoms in patients with de novo Parkinson disease: a phase 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 2018; 75 (02) 219-226 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.3517
99 Van der Kolk NM, de Vries NM, Kessels RPC, Joosten H, Zwinderman AH, Post B. et al. Effectiveness of home-based and remotely supervised aerobic exercise in Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18 (11) P998-1008 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30285-6
100 Manor Y, Mootanah R, Freud D, Giladi N, Cohen JT. Video-assisted swallowing therapy for patients with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19 (02) P207-P211 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.10.004
101 Atkinson-Clement C, Sadat J, Pinto S. Behavioral treatments for speech in Parkinson’s disease: meta-analyses and review of the literature. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2015; 5 (03) 233-248 https://doi.org/10.2217/nmt.15.16
102 Rao AK. Enabling functional independence in Parkinson’s disease: update on occupational therapy intervention. Mov Disord 2010; 25 (Suppl. 01) S146-51 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22784
103 Sturkenboom IHWM, Graff MJL, Hendriks JCM, Veenhuizen Y, Munneke M, Bloem BR. et al. Efficacy of occupational therapy for patients with Parkinson’s disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13 (06) P557-P566 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70055-9
104 Tofani M, Ranieri A, Fabbrini G, Berardi A, Pelosin E, Valente D. et al. Efficacy of occupational therapy interventions on quality of life in patients with parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2020; 7 (08) 891-901 https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.13089