Neurological manifestations of Chikungunya and Zika infections

ABSTRACT

The epidemics of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) infections have been considered the most important epidemiological occurrences in the Americas. The clinical picture of CHIKV infection is characterized by high fever, exanthema, myalgia, headaches, and arthralgia. Besides the typical clinical picture of CHIKV, atypical manifestations of neurological complications have been reported: meningo-encephalitis, meningoencephalo-myeloradiculitis, myeloradiculitis, myelitis, myeloneuropathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome and others. The diagnosis is based on clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory criteria. The most common symptoms of ZIKV infection are skin rash (mostly maculopapular), fever, arthralgia, myalgia, headache, and conjunctivitis. Some epidemics that have recently occurred in French Polynesia and Brazil, reported the most severe conditions, with involvement of the nervous system (Guillain-Barré syndrome, transverse myelitis, microcephaly and meningitis). The treatment for ZIKV and CHIKV infections are symptomatic and the management for neurological complications depends on the type of affliction. Intravenous immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis, and corticosteroid pulse therapy are options.

RESUMO

As epidemias provocadas pelo vírus Chikungunya (CHIK) e Zika vírus (ZIKV) têm sido consideradas as ocorrências epidemiológicas mais importantes da América. O quadro clínico da infecção por CHIK caracteriza-se por febre alta, exantema, mialgia, cefaléia e artralgia. Além do quadro clínico típico, manifestações atípicas como complicações neurológicas foram relatadas: meningo-encefalite, mielorradiculopatia, mielorradiculite, mielite, mieloneuropatia, síndrome de Guillain-Barre (GBS), entre outras. O diagnóstico é baseado em critérios clínicos, epidemiológicos e laboratoriais. Em relação aos sinais e sintomas da infecção pelo ZIKV, erupção cutânea (principalmente maculopapular), febre, artralgia, mialgia, cefaléia e conjuntivite são os mais comuns. Algumas epidemias que ocorreram recentemente na Polinésia Francesa e Brasil relataram condições mais severas, com envolvimento do sistema nervoso (GBS, mielite transversa, microcefalia e meningite). O tratamento para ZIKV e CHIK é sintomático, e o manejo das complicações neurológicas dependerá do tipo da afecção. Imunoglobulina venosa, plasmaférese, e pulsoterapia com corticosteróides são opções.

Guillain-Barre syndrome - Zika virus - Chikungunya virus

síndrome de Guillain-Barré - Zika vírus - vírus Chikungunya

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 08. Juli 2016

Angenommen: 26. Juli 2016

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
06. September 2023

• References

• 1 Gutierrez-Saravia E, Gutierrez CE. Chikungunya virus in the Caribbean: a threat for all of the Americas. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2015;4(1):1-3. doi:10.1093/jpids/piv002
• 2 Morrison TE. Reemergence of chikungunya virus. J Virol. 2014;88(20):11644-7. doi:10.1128/JVI.01432-14
• 3 Garg M, Alcalde V. Update on emerging infections: news from the centers for disease control and prevention. Ann Emerg Med. 2014;64(5):553-5. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.07.456
• 4 Halstead SB. Reappearance of chikungunya, formerly called dengue, in the Americas. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;;21(4):557-61. doi:10.3201/eid2104.141723
• 5 Carbajo AE, Vezzani D. Waiting for chikungunya fever in Argentina: spatio-temporal risk maps. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2015;110(2):259-62. doi:10.1590/0074-02760150005
• 6 Pan American Health Organization – PAHO. Cases of Chikungunya Fever in the Americas, 2016 (for week). Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization; 2016 [acess 2016 Apr 8]. Available from: http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&Itemid=&gid=34132&lang=en
• 7 Burt FJ, Rolph MS, Rulli NE, Mahalingam S, Heise MT. Chikungunya: a re-emerging virus. Lancet. 2012;379(9816):662-71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60281-X
• 8 Azevedo RS, Oliveira CS, Vasconcelos PF. Chikungunya risk for Brazil. Rev Saúde Pública. 2015;49:58. doi:10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049006219
• 9 Das T, Jaffar-Bandjee MC, Hoarau JJ, Krejbich Trotot P, Denizot M, Lee-Pat-Yuen G et al. Chikungunya fever: CNS infection and pathologies of a re-emerging arbovirus. Prog Neurobiol. 2010;91(2):121-9. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.12.006
• 10 Gauri LA, Ranwa BL, Nagar K, Vyas A, Fatima Q. Post chikungunya brain stem encephalitis. J Assoc Physicians India. 2012;60:68-70.
• 11 Rampal SM, Meena H. Neurological complications in Chikungunya Fever. J Assoc Physicians India. 2007;55:765-9.
• 12 Chandak NH, Kashyap RS, Taori GM, Daginawala HF. Neurological complications in Chikungunya infection. BMC Proc. 2008;2 Suppl 1:11. doi:10.1186/1753-6561-2-s1-p11
• 13 Wadia RS. A neurotropic virus (chikungunya) and a neuropathic aminoacid (homocysteine). Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2007;10:198-213.
• 14 Casolari S, Briganti E, Zanotti M, Zauli T, Nicoletti L, Magurano F et al. A fatal case of encephalitis associated with Chikungunya virus infection. Scand J Infect Dis. 2008;40(11-12):995-6. doi:10.1080/00365540802419055
• 15 Lalitha P, Rathinam S, Banushree K, Maheshkumar S, Vijayakumar R, Sathe P. Ocular involvement associated with an epidemic outbreak of chikungunya virus infection. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144(4):552-6. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.06.002
• 16 Kalita J, Kumar P, Misra UK. Stimulus-sensitive myoclonus and cerebellar ataxia following chikungunya meningoencephalitis. Infection. 2013;41(3):727-9. doi:10.1007/s15010-013-0406-2
• 17 Mittal A, Mittal S, Bharati MJ, Ramakrishnan R, Saravanan S, Sathe PS. Optic neuritis associated with chikungunya virus infection in south India. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(10):1381-6. doi:10.1001/archopht.125.10.1381
• 18 Wielanek AC, Monredon JD, Amrani ME, Roger JC, Serveaux JP. Guillain-Barré syndrome complicating a Chikungunya virus infection. Neurology. 2007;69(22):2105-7. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000277267.07220.88
• 19 Rampal S, Sharda M, Meena H. Neurological complications in Chikungunya fever. J Assoc Phys India. 2007;55:765-9.
• 20 Robin D, Le Seach F, Jaffar-Bandjee MC, Rigou G, Alessandri JL. Neurologic manifestations of pediatric chikungunya infection. J Child Neurol. 2008;23(9):1028-35. doi:10.1177/0883073808314151
• 21 Chandak NH, Kashyap RS, Kabra D, Karandikar P, Saha SS, Morey SH et al. Neurological complications of Chikungunya virus infection. Neurol India. 2009;57(2):177-80. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.51289
• 22 Lemant J, Boisson V, Winer A, Thibault L, André H, Tixier F et al. Serious acute chikungunya virus infection requiring intensive care during the Reunion Island outbreak in 2005-2006. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(9):2536-41. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318183f2d2
• 23 Bhavana K, Tyagi I, Kapila RK. Chikungunya virus induced sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;72(2):257-9. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.09.022
• 24 Oehler E, Watrin L, Larre P, Leparc-Goffart I, Lastere S, Valour F et al. Zika virus infection complicated by Guillain-Barre syndrome: case report, French Polynesia, December 2013. Euro Surveill. 2014;19(9):20720. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.9.20720
• 25 Cao-Lormeau VM, Blake A, Mons S, Lastère S, Roche C, Vanhomwegen J et al. Guillain-Barré Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: a case-control study. Lancet. 2016;387(10027):1531-9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00562-6
• 26 Mécharles S, Herrmann C, Poullain P, Tran TH, Deschamps N, Mathon G et al. Acute myelitis due to Zika virus infection. Lancet. 2016;387(10026):1481. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00644-9
• 27 Carteaux G, Maquart M, Bedet A, Contou D, Brugières P, Fourati S et al. Zika virus associated with meningoencephalitis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(16):1595-6. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1602964
• 28 Victora CG, Schuler-Faccini L, Matijasevich A, Ribeiro E, Pessoa A, Barros FC. Microcephaly in Brazil: how to interpret reported numbers? Lancet. 2016;387(10019):621-4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00273-7
• 29 Cauchemez S, Besnard M, Bompard P, Dub T, Guillemette-Artur P, Eyrolle-Guignot D et al. Association between Zika virus and microcephaly in French Polynesia, 2013-15: a retrospective study. Lancet. 2016;387(10033):2125-32. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00651-6
• 30 Fraisier C, Koraka P, Belghazi M, Bakli M, Granjeaud S, Pophillat M et al. Kinetic analysis of mouse brain proteome alterations following Chikungunya virus infection before and after appearance of clinical symptoms. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e91397. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091397
• 31 Inglis FM, Lee KM, Chiu KB, Purcell OM, Didier PJ, Russell-Lodrigue K et al. Neuropathogenesis of Chikungunya infection: astrogliosis and innate immune activation. J Neurovirol. 2016;22(2):140-8. doi:10.1007/s13365-015-0378-3
• 32 Hasebe F, Parquet C, Pandey BD, Mathenge EG, Morita K, Balasubramaniam V et al. Combined detection and genotyping of Chikungunya virus by a specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J Med Virol. 2002;67(3):370-4. doi:10.1002/jmv.10085
• 33 Carletti F, Bordi L, Chiappini R, Ippolito G, Sciarrone MR, Capobianchi MR et al. Rapid detection and quantification of Chikungunya virus by a one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction real- time assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77(3):521-4.
• 34 Ho PS, Ng MM, Chu JJ. Establishment of one-step SYBR green-based real time-PCR assay for rapid detection and quantification of chikungunya virus infection. Virol J. 2010;7(1):13. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-7-13
• 35 Panning M, Grywna K, Esbroeck M, Emmerich P, Drosten C. Chikungunya fever in travelers returning to Europe from the Indian Ocean region, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):416-22. doi:10.3201/eid1403.070906
• 36 Litzba N, Schuffenecker I, Zeller H, Drosten C, Emmerich P, Charrel R et al. Evaluation of the first commercial chikungunya virus indirect immunofluorescence test. J Virol Methods. 2008;149(1):175-9. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.01.004
• 37 Dick GW, Kitchen SF, Haddow AJ. Zika virus. I. Isolations and serological specificity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1952;46(5):509-20. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(52)90042-4
• 38 Fagbami AH. Zika virus infections in Nigeria: virological and seroepidemiological investigations in Oyo State. J Hyg (Lond). 1979;83(2):213-9. doi:10.1017/S0022172400025997
• 39 Robin Y, Mouchet J. [Serological and entomological study on yellow fever in Sierra Leone]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1975;68(3):249-58. French.
• 40 Olson JG, Ksiazek TG. Suhandiman T. Zika virus, a cause of fever in Central Java, Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1981;75(3):389-93. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(81)90100-0
• 41 Lanciotti RS, Kosoy OL, Laven JJ, Velez JO, Lambert AJ, Johnson AJ et al. Genetic and serologic properties of Zika virus associated with an epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(8):1232-9. doi:10.3201/eid1408.080287
• 42 Duffy MR, Chen TH, Hancock WT et al. Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(24):2536-43. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0805715
• 43 Baronti C, Piorkowski G, Charrel RN, Boubis L, Leparc-Goffart I, Lamballerie X. Complete coding sequence of zika virus from a French polynesia outbreak in 2013. Genome Announc. 2014;2(3):e00500-14. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00500-14
• 44 Fonseca K, Meatherall B, Zarra D, Drebot M, MacDonald J, Pabbaraju K et al. First case of Zika virus infection in a returning Canadian traveler. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91(5):1035-8. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.14-0151
• 45 Kwong JC, Druce JD, Leder K. Zika virus infection acquired during brief travel to Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;89(3):516-7. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0029
• 46 Wæhre T, Maagard A, Tappe D, Cadar D, Schmidt-Chanasit J. Zika virus infection after travel to Tahiti, December 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(8):1412-4. doi:10.3201/eid2008.140302
• 47 Zanluca C, Melo VC, Mosimann AL, Santos GI, Santos CN, Luz K. First report of autochthonous transmission of Zika virus in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2015;110(4):569-72. doi:10.1590/0074-02760150192
• 48 Campos GS, Bandeira AC, Sardi SI. Zika virus outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(10):1885-6. doi:10.3201/eid2110.150847
• 49 World Health Organization. Zika virus outbreaks in the Americas. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2015;90(45):609-10.
• 50 Faye O, Dupressoir A, Weidmann M, Ndiaye M, Alpha Sall A. One-step RT-PCR for detection of Zika virus. J Clin Virol. 2008;43(1):96-101. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2008.05.005
• 51 Marchette NJ, Garcia R, Rudnick A. Isolation of Zika virus from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1969;18(3):411-5.
• 52 Boorman JP, Porterfield JS. A simple technique for infection of mosquitoes with viruses; transmission of Zika virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1956;50(3):238-42. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(56)90029-3
• 53 Heang V, Yasuda CY, Sovann L, Haddow AD, Travassos da Rosa AP, Tesh RB et al. Zika virus infection, Cambodia, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):349-51. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111224
• 54 Carod-Artal FJ, Wichmann O, Farrar J, Gascón J. Neurological complications of dengue virus infection. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(9):906-19. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70150-9
• 55 Oehler E, Le Henaff O, Larre P Ghawche F. [Guillain-Barre syndrome following type 4 dengue in Polynesia]. Med Trop (Mars). 2011;71(2):203-4. French.
• 56 Polynesie Française. Surveillance de la dengue et du zika en Polynésie Française 2014 [acess 2014 Feb 7]. Available from: http://www.hygiene-publique.gov.pf/spip.php?article120
• 57 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Microcefalia: Ministério da Saúde divulga boletim epidemiológico. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015 [acess 2015 Nov 17]. Available from: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/index.php/cidadao/principal/agencia-saude/20805-ministerio-da-saude-divulga-boletim-epidemiologico
• 58 Kutsuna S, Kato Y, Takasaki T, Moi M, Kotaki A, Uemura H et al. Two cases of Zika fever imported from French Polynesia to Japan, December to January 2013. Eurosurveillance. 2014;19(4):20683. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.4.20683
• 59 Domingo C, Yactayo S, Agbenu E, Demanou M, Schulz AR, Daskalow K et al. Detection of yellow fever 17D genome in urine. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(2):760-2. doi:10.1128/JCM.01775-10
• 60 Barzon L, Pacenti M, Franchin E, Pagni S, Martello T, Cattai M et al. Excretion of West Nile virus in urine during acute infection. J Infect Dis. 2013;208(7):1086-92. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit290
• 61 Ministério da Saúde – CIEVS Nacional - Centro de Informações Estratégicas em Vigilância em Saúde - Nota Informativa 07/2015 – Evento de Saúde Pública (ESP) relacionado a casos de síndrome exantemática em estados da Região Nordeste do Brasil em 2015.