RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.3415/VCOT-07-11-0106
A review of multidrug resistant surgical site infections
Publikationsverlauf
Received
28. November 2007
Accepted
06. Januar 2007
Publikationsdatum:
17. Dezember 2017 (online)
Summary
Surgical site infections caused by bacteria that are resistant to multiple classes of antimicrobials are an important and increasing problem in veterinary medicine. Organisms such as methicillin-resistant staphylococci, extended spectrum beta-lactamase Enterobacteriaceae and multi-drug resistant Enterococcus, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas spp. are among the current concerns; however, the emergence and dissemination of other multi-drug resistant organisms will likely follow. Despite the negative connotations that are associated with multi-drug resistant infections, most infections are potentially treatable if basic principles of infection treatment and infection control are followed.
-
References
- 1 Garrett L. Betrayal of trust: the collapse of global public health. NewYork: Hyperion; 2000
- 2 Perez F, Hujer A, Hujer K. et al. Global challenge of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: 3471-3484.
- 3 Newton G. Antibiotic resistance: an unwinnable war?. 2005 July 1 [cited2007 Nov 5] http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTX026155.html.
- 4 Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J. et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 2007; 298: 1763-1771.
- 5 Guyot Guyot, Layer G. MRSA - 'bug-bear' of a surgical practice: reducing the incidence of MRSA surgical site infections. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2006; 88: 222-223.
- 6 Anderson DJ, Sexton DJ, Kanafani ZA. et al. Severe surgical site infection in community hospitals: epidemiology, key procedures, and the changing prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 2007; 28: 1047-1053.
- 7 Tomlin J, Pead M, Lloyd D. et al. Methicillin-resis- tant Staphylococcus aureus infections in 11 dogs. VetRec 1999; 144: 60-64.
- 8 Baptiste K, Williams K, Willams N. et al. Methicil- lin-resistant staphylococci in companion animals. Emerging InfectDis 2005; 11: 1942-1944.
- 9 O'Mahony R, Abbott Y, Leonard F. et al. Methicil- lin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from animals and veterinary personnel in Ireland. Vet Microbiol 2005; 109: 285-296.
- 10 Rankin S, Roberts S, O'Shea K. et al. Panton valentine leukocidin (PVL) toxin positive MRSA strains isolated from companion animals. Vet Microbiol 2005; 108: 145-148.
- 11 Weese JS, Archambault M, Willey BM. et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses and horse personnel, 2000-2002. Emerging Infect Dis 2005; 11: 430-435.
- 12 Cuny C, Kuemmerle J, Stanek C. et al. Emergenceof MRSA infections in horses in a veterinary hospital: strain characterisation and comparison with MRSA from humans. Euro Surveill 2006; 11: 44-47.
- 13 Moodley A, Stegger M, Bagcigil A. et al. spa typing ofmethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from domestic animals and veterinary staff in the UK and Ireland. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 58: 1118-1123.
- 14 Rich Rich, Roberts L. MRSA in companion animals. VetRec 2006; 159: 535-536.
- 15 Weese J, Dick H, Willey B. et al. Suspected transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus between domestic pets and humans in veterinary clinics and in the household. Vet Microbiol 2006; 115: 148-155.
- 16 Leonard F, Abbott Y, Rossney A. et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a veterinary surgeon and five dogs in one practice. Vet Rec 2006; 158: 155-159.
- 17 Weese J, Rousseau J, Willey B. et al. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses at avet- erinary teaching hospital: frequency, characterization, and association with clinical disease. J Vet Intern Med 2006; 20: 182-186.
- 18 Weese Weese, Lefebvre SL. Risk factors formethicil- lin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in horses admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital. Can Vet J 2007; 48: 921-926.
- 19 Gorwitz RJ, Jernigan D, Powers J. et al. Participants in the CDC-Convened experts' meeting on management of MRSA in the community. Strategies for clinical management of MRSA in the community: summary of an experts' meeting convened by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006 [cited 2006 Mar 1] http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_mrsa_ca.html
- 20 Sabol K, Echevarria K, Lewis J. Community-as- sociatedmethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: new bug, old drugs. Ann Pharmacother 2006; 40: 1125-1133.
- 21 Weese J, Archambault M, Willey B. et al. Methi- cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses and horse personnel, 2000-2002. Emerging Infect Dis 2005; 11: 430-5.
- 22 Cuny C, Kuemmerle J, Stanek C. et al. Emergence of MRSA infections in horses in a veterinary hospital: strain characterisation and comparison with MRSA from humans. Euro Surveill 2006; 11: 44-47.
- 23 Loeffler A, Boag A, Sung J. et al. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among staff and pets in a small animal referral hospital in the UK. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56: 692-697.
- 24 Hanselman B, Kruth S, Rousseau J. et al. Methicil- lin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in veterinary personnel. Emerging Infect Dis 2006; 12: 1933-1938.
- 25 Wulf M, van Nes A, Eikelenboom-Boskamp A. et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in veterinary doctors and students, the Netherlands. Emerging Infect Dis 2006; 12: 1939-1941.
- 26 Wulf MW, Sørum M, van Nes A. et al. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among veterinarians: an international study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007 Nov 7 [Epub ahead of print].
- 27 Seguin JC, Walker RD, Caron JP. et al. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreak in avet- erinary teaching hospital: potential human-to-animal transmission. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1459-1463.
- 28 Kania S, Williamson N, Frank L. et al. Methicillin resistance of staphylococci isolated from the skin of dogs with pyoderma. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65: 1265-1268.
- 29 Morris D, Rook K, Shofer F. et al. Screening of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus inter- medius, and Staphylococcus schleiferi isolates obtained from small companion animals for antimicrobial resistance: a retrospective review of749 isolates (2003-04). Vet Dermatol 2006; 17: 332-337.
- 30 Zubeir I, Kanbar T, Alber J. et al. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics ofmethicillin/oxacillin- resistant Staphylococcus intermedius isolated from clinical specimens during routine veterinary microbiological examinations. Vet Microbiol 2007; 121: 170-176.
- 31 Sasaki T, Kikuchi K, Tanaka Y. et al. Reclassifi- cation of phenotypically-identified Staphylococ- cus intermedius strains. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 2770-2778.
- 32 Sasaki T, Kikuchi K, Tanaka Y. et al. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in a veterinary teaching hospital. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 1118-1125.
- 33 Frank L, Kania S, Hnilica K. et al. Isolation of Staphylococcus schleiferi from dogs with pyoderma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 222: 451-454.
- 34 Lilenbaum W, Esteves AL, Souza GN. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci isolated from saliva of clinically normal cats. Lett Appl Microbiol 1999; 28: 448-452.
- 35 Yasuda R, Kawano J, Onda H. et al. Methicillin-re- sistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from healthy horses in Japan. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61: 1451-1455.
- 36 Busscher J, van Duijkeren E, Sloet van Oldruiten-borgh-Oosterbaan M. The prevalence ofmethicillin-resistant staphylococci in healthy horses in the Netherlands. VetMicrobiol 2006; 113: 131-136.
- 37 Vengust M, Anderson M, Rousseau J. et al. Methi- cillin-resistant staphylococcal colonization in clinically normal dogs and horses in the community. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 43: 602-606.
- 38 Mascini Mascini, Bonten M. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: consequences for therapy and infection control. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11 (Suppl. 04) 43-56.
- 39 Seguin MA, Vaden SL, Altier C. et al. Persistent urinary tract infections and reinfections in 100 dogs (1989-1999). J Vet Intern Med 2003; 17: 622-631.
- 40 Devriese L, Ieven M, Goossens H. et al. Presence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in farm and pet animals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 2285-2287.
- 41 de Niederhüusern S, Sabia C, Messi P. et al. VanA- type vancomycin-resistant enterococci in equine and swine rectal swabs and in human clinical samples. Curr Microbiol 2007; 55: 240-246.
- 42 Amyes S. Enterococci and streptococci. Int JAnti- microb Agents 2007; 29 (Suppl. 03) S43-52.
- 43 Saphir Saphir, Carter GR. Gingival flora of the dog with special reference to bacteria associated with bites. J Clin Microbiol 1976; 3: 344-349.
- 44 Johnson Johnson, Fales WH. Clinical and microbi- ologic findings in dogs with bronchoscopically diagnosed tracheal collapse: 37 cases (1990-1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 219: 1247-1250.
- 45 Newton J, Wood J, Chanter N. A case control study of factors and infections associated with clinically apparent respiratory disease in UK Thoroughbred racehorses. PrevVet Med 2003; 60: 107-132.
- 46 Francey T, Gaschen F, Nicolet J. et al. The role of Acinetobacter baumannii as a nosocomial pathogen for dogs and cats in an intensive care unit. J Vet Intern Med 2000; 14: 177-183.
- 47 Boerlin P, Eugster S, Gaschen F. et al. Transmission of opportunistic pathogens in a veterinary teaching hospital. Vet Microbiol 2001; 82: 347-359.
- 48 Krcmery V, Kalavsky E. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Emerging Infect Dis 2007; 13: 943-944.
- 49 Naas T, Kernbaum S, Allali S. et al. Multidrug-re- sistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Russia. Emerging InfectDis 2007; 13: 669-671.
- 50 Fournier P, Vallenet D, Barbe V. et al. Comparative genomics of multidrug resistance in Acinetob- acter baumannii. PLoS Genet. 2006 2. e7.
- 51 Reid G, Grim S, Aldeza C. et al. Rapid development of Acinetobacter baumannii resistance to tigecycline. Pharmacotherapy 2007; 27: 1198-1201.
- 52 Deplano A, Denis O, Poirel L. et al. Molecular characterization of an epidemic clone of pananti- biotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 1198-1204.
- 53 Bonomo R, Szabo D. Mechanisms of multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter species and Pseudo- monas aeruginosa. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43 (Suppl. 02) S49-56.
- 54 Navon-Venezia S, Ben-Ami R, Carmeli Y. Update on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii infections in the healthcare setting. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005; 18: 306-313.
- 55 Agodi A, Barchitta M, Cipresso R. et al. Pseudo- monas aeruginosa carriage, colonization, and infection in ICU patients. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: 1155-1161.
- 56 Sauer P, Andrew S, Lassaline M. et al. Changes in antibiotic resistance in equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis (1991-2000): 65 horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2003; 6: 309-313.
- 57 Keller Keller, Hendrix D. Bacterial isolates and antimicrobial susceptibilities in equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis (1993--2004). Equine Vet J 2005; 37: 207-211.
- 58 Teresa Tejedor M., Martin JL, Navia M. et al. Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from canine infections. Vet Microbiol 2003; 94: 295-301.
- 59 Palmeiro BS, Morris DO, Wiemelt SP. et al. Evaluation of outcome of otitis media after lavage of the tympanic bulla and long-term antimicrobial drug treatment in dogs: 44 cases (1998-2002). J AmVet Med Assoc 2004; 225: 548-553.
- 60 Gatoria IS, Saini NS, Rai TS. et al. Comparison of three techniques for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in dogs with urolithiasis. J Small Anim Pract 2006; 47: 727-732.
- 61 Peremans K, De Winter F, Janssens L. et al. An infected hip prosthesis in a dog diagnosed with a 99mTc-ciprofloxacin (infecton) scan. Vet Radiol Ultrasound; 2002; 43: 178-182.
- 62 Li XZ, Mehrotra M, Ghimire S. et al. beta-Lactam resistance and beta-lactamases in bacteria of animal origin. VetMicrobiol 2007; 121: 197-214.
- 63 Paterson D. Resistance in gram-negative bacteria: Enterobacteriaceae. Am J Infect Control 2006; 34: S20-8 discussion S64-73.
- 64 Vo A, van Duijkeren E, Fluit A. et al. Characteristics of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from horses. Vet Microbiol 2007; 124: 248-255.
- 65 Sidjabat HE, Hanson ND, Smith-Moland E. et al. Identification of plasmid-mediated extended- spectrum and AmpC beta-lactamases in Enter- obacter spp. isolated from dogs. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56: 426-434.
- 66 Elder Elder, Paterson C. Sharps injuries in UKhealth care: a review of injury rates, viral transmission and potential efficacy of safety devices. Occupational medicine (Oxford, England) 2006; 56: 566-574.
- 67 Ramphal Ramphal, Ambrose P. Extended-spectrum beta- lactamases and clinical outcomes: current data. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42 (Suppl. 04) S164-172.
- 68 Paterson D, Mulazimoglu L, Casellas J. et al. Epidemiology of ciprofloxacin resistance and its relationship to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates causing bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30: 473-478.
- 69 Larson E. Guideline for use of topical antimicrobial agents. Am J Infect Control 1988; 16: 253-266.
- 70 Edwards-Jones V, Buck R, Shawcross SG. et al. The effect of essential oils onmethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using a dressing model. Burns 2004; 30: 772-777.
- 71 Muto C, Jernigan J, Ostrowsky B. et al. SHEA guideline for preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003; 24: 362-386.
- 72 Weese JS. Barrier precautions, isolation protocols, and personal hygiene in veterinary hospitals. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2004; 20: 543-559.
- 73 Barton M, Hawkes M, Moore D. et al. Guidelines for the prevention and management of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a perspective for Canadian health care practitioners. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2006; 17 suppl C 4C-24C.
- 74 Dwyer RM. Environmental disinfection to control equine infectious diseases. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2004; 20: 531-542.
- 75 Boyce J, Pittet D. Unknown Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/ SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002; 23: S3-40.
- 76 Traub-Dargatz J, Weese J, Rousseau J. et al. Pilot study to evaluate 3 hygiene protocols on the reduction of bacterial load on the hands of veterinary staff performing routine equine physical examinations. Can Vet J 2006; 47: 671-676.