Morphometric assessment of the hip joint in the Estrela Mountain Dog breed

J. Martins; A. J. Ferreira; M. M. Ginja

doi:10.3415/VCOT-11-07-0101

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Table of Contents

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2012; 25(03): 202-210
DOI: 10.3415/VCOT-11-07-0101

Original Research

Schattauer GmbH

Morphometric assessment of the hip joint in the Estrela Mountain Dog breed

J. Martins

¹Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal

,

A. J. Ferreira

²Department of Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

,

M. M. Ginja

¹Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal

³Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Summary

Objectives: To study the radiographic projected hip parameters of the proximal femur and acetabulum in young and adult Estrela Mountain Dogs with normal and abnormal hip joints. The parameters evaluated were: femoral angles of inclination and anteversion (FAI and FAA), femoral neck length and width (FNL and FNW), acetabular depth (AD) and acetabular angle of retrotorsion (AAR).

Methods: Five hundred and twenty-five standard hip-extended ventrodorsal radiographic views and 622 mediolateral views of the right and left femur were used to measure the FAI, FAA, FNL, FNW, AD, AAR and modified AAR (mAAR).

Results: The FAI decreased in adult dysplastic dogs, in females and in right femora; FAA decreased with age; FNL was characterized by a greater relative size in normal adult animals; FNW was greater in abnormal hips in young and adult animals; AD was less in adult dysplastic dogs and in right hips; AAR was similar in the studied groups; mAAR was greater in abnormal hips and in left hips.

Clinical significance: The data may be used in future studies, which compare this breed to others. Morphological variations in femoral neck and acetabular morphometric parameters were present, and these variables in dogs with different ages and with hips in varying states of health should not be compared.

Keywords

Femoral angle of inclination - femoral angle of anteversion - femoral neck length - femoral neck width - acetabular depth - acetabular angle of retrotorsion

Full Text

References

References
1 Ginja MM, Silvestre AM, Gonzalo-Orden JM. et al. Diagnosis, genetic control and preventive management of canine hip dysplasia: a review. Vet J 2010; 184: 269-276.
2 Wenger DR, Bomar JD. Human hip dysplasia: evolution of current treatment concepts. J Orthop Sci 2003; 8: 264-271.
3 Tönnis D. Development of the hip joint. In: Congenital Dysplasia and Dislocation of the Hip in Children and Adults. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1985. pg. 13-22.
4 Prieur WD. 1998. Intertrochanteric Osteotomy. In: Bojrab MJ, Ellison GW, Slocum B. editors. Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1998. pg. 1165-1168.
5 Weigel JP, Wasserman JF. Biomechanics of the normal and abnormal hip joint. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1992; 22: 513-528.
6 Shepherd J. Canine hip dysplasia: Aetiology, Pathogenesis and eradication. Austr Vet Pract 1986; 16: 71-78.
7 Reikerås O, Bjerkreim I, Kolbenstvedt A. Anteversion of the acetabulum and femoral neck in normals and in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip. Acta Orthop Scand 1983; 54: 18-23.
8 Maheshwari AV, Zlowodzki MP, Siram G. et al. Femoral neck anteversion, acetabular anteversion and combined anteversion in the normal Indian adult population: A computed tomographic study. Indian J Orthop 2010; 44: 277-282.
9 Maquet P. Biomechanics of hip dysplasia. Acta Orthop Belg 1999; 65: 302-314.
10 Wigger A, Tellhelm B, Kramer M. et al. Influence of femoral head and neck conformation on hip dysplasia in the German Shepherd dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2008; 49: 243-248.
11 Volta A, Gnudi G, Morgan JP. et al. Radiographic features of pelvis and hip joint development of English Bulldogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2010; 23: 19-27.
12 Slocum B, Devine T. Femoral neck lengthening. In: Bojrab MJ, Ellison GW, Slocum B. editors. Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1998. pg. 1154-1159.
13 Tönnis D. General radiography of the hip joint. In: Congenital Dysplasia and Dislocation of the Hip in Children and Adults. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1985. pg. 100-142.
14 Doskarova B, Kyllar M, Paral V. Morphometric assessment of the canine hip joint using the acetabular angle of retrotorsion. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2010; 23: 326-331.
15 Tomlinson J, Fox J, Cook JL. et al. Measurement of Femoral Angles in Four Dog Breeds. Vet Surg 2007; 36: 593-598.
16 Sarierler M. Comparison of femoral inclination angle measurements in dysplastic and nondysplastic dogs of different breeds. Acta Vet Hung 2004; 52: 245-252.
17 Madsen JS, Svalastoga E. Inclination and anteversion of Collum Femoris in hip dysplasia and coxarthritis. Acta Vet Scand 1994; 35: 115-119.
18 Bardet JF, Rudy RL, Hohn RB. Measurement of femoral torsion in dogs using a biplanar method. Vet Surg 1983; 12: 1-6.
19 Montavon PM, Hohn RB, Olmstead ML. et al. Inclination and anteversion angles of the femoral head and neck in the dog. Evaluation of a standard method of measurement. Vet Surg 1985; 14: 277-282.
20 Smith GK, Biery DN, Gregor TP. New concepts of coxofemoral joint stability and the development of a clinical stress-radiographic method for quantitating hip joint laxity in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990; 196: 59-70.
21 Ginja MM, Gonzalo-Orden JM, Melo-Pinto P. et al. Early hip laxity examination in predicting moderate and severe hip dysplasia in Estrela mountain dog. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49: 641-646.
22 Rumph PF, Hathcock JT. A symmetric axis-based method for measuring the projected femoral angle of inclination in dogs. Vet Surg 1990; 19: 328-333.
23 Ginja MM, Gonzalo-Orden JM, Jesus SS. et al. Measurement of the femoral neck anteversion angle in the dog using computed tomography. Vet J 2007; 174: 378-383.
24 Petrie A, Watson P. Statistics for Veterinary and Animal Science. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1999
25 Ginja MM, Ferreira AJ, Jesus SS. et al. Comparison of clinical, radiographic, computed tomographic, and magnetic resonance imaging methods for early prediction of canine hip laxity and dysplasia. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 50: 135-143.
26 Genevois JP, Cachon T, Fau D. et al. Canine hip dysplasia radiographic screening. Prevalence of rotation of the pelvis along its length axis in 7,012 conventional hip extended radiographs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2007; 20: 296-298.
27 Skurková L, Hluchý M, Lacková M. et al. Relation of the Norberg angle and position of the femoral head centre to the dorsal acetabular edge in evaluation of canine hip dysplasia. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2010; 23: 433-438.
28 Farese JP, Todhunter RJ, Lust G. et al. Dorsolateral subluxation of hip joints in dogs measured in a weight-bearing position with radiography and computed tomography. Vet Surg 1998; 27: 393-405.
29 Ginja MM, Silvestre AM, Colaço J. et al. Hip Dysplasia in Estrela mountain dogs - prevalence and genetic trends 1991-2005. Vet J 2009; 182: 275-282.
30 Hauptman J, Cardinet GH, Morgan JP. et al. Angles of inclination and anteversion in hip dysplasia in the dog. Am J Vet Res 1985; 46: 2033-2036.
31 Hauptman J, Butler HC. Measurement of femoral neck shaft angle in growing Beagle. Vet Surg 1980; 9: 39-41.
32 Legal H. Introduction to the biomechanics of the hip. In: Tönnis D. editor. Congenital Dysplasia and Dislocation of the Hip in Children and Adults. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1985. pg. 26-57.
33 Zhou Z, Sheng X, Zhang Z. et al. Differential genetic regulation of canine hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis. PLoS One. 2010 5. e13219.