Radial shock wave therapy in dogs with hip osteoarthritis

Alexandre N. A. Souza; Marcio P. Ferreira; Stefano C. F. Hagen; Geni C. F. Patricio; Julia M. Matera

doi:10.3415/VCOT-15-01-0017

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Table of Contents

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2016; 29(02): 108-114
DOI: 10.3415/VCOT-15-01-0017

Original Research

Schattauer GmbH

Radial shock wave therapy in dogs with hip osteoarthritis

Alexandre N. A. Souza

¹Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo

,

Marcio P. Ferreira

¹Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo

,

Stefano C. F. Hagen

¹Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo

,

Geni C. F. Patricio

¹Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo

,

Julia M. Matera

¹Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Summary

Objective: The study aims were to evaluate the effects of radial shock wave therapy (RSWT) in dogs with hip osteoarthritis (OA) using clinical assessment and kinetic analysis.

Methods: Thirty dogs diagnosed with bilateral hip OA and 30 healthy dogs were used. In OA dogs, one limb was randomly selected for treatment with RSWT while the contra -lateral limb served as an untreated control. Dogs were evaluated while walking on a pressure walkway. Peak vertical force (PVF) and vertical impulse (VI) were documented; symmetry index (SI) was also calculated. Blinded clinical evaluation was performed using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Owner perception data regarding levels of physical activity were also collected. The RSWT protocol (2000 pulses, 10 Hz, 2–3.4 bars) consisted of three weekly treatment sessions (days 1, 8 and 16). Follow-up data were collected 30, 60 and 90 days after the first session. Data were compared between time points, groups and limbs pairs.

Results: At the end of the experimental period, mean PVF and VI values had increased (25.9 to 27.6%BW and 2.1 to 12.7%BW × s respectively) in treated limbs, with no significant differences in control limbs; SI values suggest improvement. Mean PVF and VI remained lower in the treated compared to the healthy group following treatment. The VAS scores suggested improvement in pain and lameness in treated dogs. Owner perception data suggested improved levels of physical activity following treatment.

Conclusions and clinical significance: Outcomes of this study suggested beneficial effects of RSWT in dogs with hip osteoarthritis.

Keywords

Dog - hip - osteoarthritis - kinetic analysis - shockwave therapy

Full Text

References

References
1 Wang CJ, Hsu SL, Weng LH. et al. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy shows a number of treatment related chondroprotective effect in osteoarthritis of the knee in rats. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013; 14: 1471-1474.
2 Wess OJ. A neural model for chronic pain and pain relief by extracorporeal shock wave treatment. Urol Res 2008; 36: 327-334.
3 Hausdorf J, Lemmens MA, Kaplan S. et al. Extracorporeal shockwave application to the distal femur of rabbits diminishes the number of neurons immunoreactive for substance P in dorsal root ganglia L5. Brain Res 2008; 1207: 96-101.
4 Ohtori S, Inoue G, Mannoji C. et al. Shock wave application to rat skin induces degeneration and re-innervation of sensory nerve fibres. Neurosci Lett 2001; 315: 57-60.
5 Dahlberg J, Fitch G, Evans RB. et al. The evaluation of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in naturally occurring osteoarthritis of the stifle joint in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2005; 18: 147-152.
6 Mueller M, Bockstahler B, Skalicky M. et al. Effects of radial shockwave therapy on the limb function of dogs with hip osteoarthritis. Vet Rec 2007; 160: 762-765.
7 Adamson CP, Taylor RA. Preliminary functional outcomes of extracorporeal shockwave therapy on ten dogs with various orthopaedic conditions (abstract). Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2003; 16: A11.
8 Francis DA, Millis DL, Evans M. et al. Clinical evaluation of extracorporeal shockwave therapy for management of canine osteoarthritis of the elbow and hip joint (abstract). In Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Veterinary Orthopaedic Society. 2004 February 22-27 Big Sky; Montana, USA: pg 13
9 Chung B, Wiley JP. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy: a review. Am J Sport Med 2002; 32: 851-865.
10 Väterlein N, Lüssenhop S, Hahn M. et al. The effect of extracorporeal shock waves on joint cartilage--an in vivo study in rabbits. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2000; 120: 403-406.
11 Loew M, Daecke W, Kusnierczak D. et al. Shockwave therapy is effective for chronic calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1999; 81: 863-867.
12 Decamp CE. Kinetic and kinematic gait analysis and the assessment of lameness in the dog. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract 1997; 27: 825-841.
13 Fanchon L, Grandjean D. Accuracy of asymmetry indices of ground reaction forces for diagnosis of hind limb lameness in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68: 1089-1094.
14 Coleman JA, Saunders JE. A review of the physical properties and biological effects of the high amplitude acoustic fields used in extracorporeal lithotripsy. Ultrasonics 1993; 31: 75-89.
15 Wang CJ, Yang KD, Ko JY. et al. The effects of shockwave on bone healing and systemic concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), TGF-beta1, VEGF and BMP-2 in long bone non-unions. Nitric Oxide 2009; 20: 283-303.
16 Wang CJ, Weng LH, Ko JY. et al. Extracorporeal shockwave shows regression of osteoarthritis of knee in rats. J Sur Res 2011; 171: 601-608.
17 Rompe JD, Kirkpatrick CJ, Küllmer K. et al. Dose-related effects of shock waves on rabbit tendo Achillis. A sonographic and histological study. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1998; 80: 546-552.
18 Malek S, Sample SJ, Schwartz Z. et al. Effect of analgesic therapy on clinical outcome measures in a randomized controlled trial using client-owned dogs with hip osteoarthritis. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8: 185.
19 Haupt G. Use of extracorporeal shock waves in the treatment of pseudarthrosis, tendinopathy and other orthopedic diseases. J Urol 1997; 158: 4-11.
20 Rompe JD, Zollner J, Nafe B. Shock wave therapy versus conventional surgery in the treatment of calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001; 387: 72-82.
21 Petrisor B, Lisson S, Sprague S. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy: A systematic review of its use in fracture management. Indian J Orthop 2009; 43: 161-167.
22 Loew M, Jurgowski W, Mau HC. et al. Treatment of calcifying tendinitis of rotator cuff by extracorporeal shock waves: a preliminary report. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1995; 4: 101-106.
23 Ogden JA, Tóth-Kischkat A, Schultheiss R. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in orthopaedics. Principles of shock wave therapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001; 387: 8-17.
24 Wall PD, Melzack R. Folk medicine and the sensory modulation of pain. In Textbook of Pain. 2nd edition. Edinburgh, SCO; Churchill Livingstone: 1989. pg 1209-1218.
25 Wang CJ, Huang HY, Yang K. et al. Pathomechanism of shock wave injuries on femoral artery, vein and nerve: An experimental study in dogs. Injury 2002; 33: 439-446.
26 Laverty PH, McClure SR. Initial experience with extracorporeal shock wave therapy in six dogs-part I. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2002; 15: 177-183.
27 Towle JM, Fleck TJ. Clinical results of radial shockwave therapy for the treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs. The 30th World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Proceedings. 2005 May 11-12 Mexico City; Mexico:
28 Budsberg SC, Verstraete MC, Soutas-Little RW. Force plate analysis of the walking gait in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 1987; 48: 915-918.
29 Riggs CM, Decamp CE, Soutas-Little RW. Effects of subject velocity on force plate measured ground reaction forces in healthy Greyhounds at the trot. Am J Vet Res 1993; 54: 1523-1526.
30 Rumph PF, Lander JE, Kincaid SA. et al. Ground reaction force profiles from force platform gait analyses of clinically normal mesomorphic dogs at the trot. Am J Vet Res 1994; 55: 756-761.
31 Hottinger HA, Decamp CE, Oliver NB. et al. Noninvasive kinematic analysis of the walk in healthy large-breeds dogs. Am J Vet Res 1995; 57: 381-388.
32 Lee DV, Stakebake EF, Walter RM. et al. Effects of mass distribution on the mechanics of level trotting in dogs. J Exp Biol 2004; 207: 1715-1728.
33 Colborne GR, Innes JF, Comerford EJ. et al. Distribution of power across the hind limb joints in Labrador Retrievers and Greyhounds. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66: 1563-1571.
34 Voss K, Wiestner T, Galeandro L. et al. Effect of dog breed and body conformation on vertical ground reaction forces, impulses, and stance times. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2011; 24: 106-112.
35 Moreau M, Dupuis J, Bonneau NH. et al. Clinical evaluation of a nutraceutical, carprofen and meloxicam for treatment of dogs with osteoarthritis. Vet Rec 2003; 152: 323-329.
36 Jevens DJ, Hauptman JG, Decamp CE. Contributions of variance in force plate analysis of gait in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1993; 54: 612-615.
37 Renberg WC, Johnston SA, Ye K. Comparison of stance time and velocity as control variables in force plate analysis of dogs. Am J Vet Res 1999; 60: 814-819.
38 Bertram JE, Lee DV, Case HN. et al. Comparison of the trotting gaits of Labrador Retrievers and Greyhounds. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61: 832-838.
39 Mclaughlin RM, Roush JK. Effects of increasing velocity on braking and propulsion times during force plate gait analysis in Greyhounds. Am J Vet Res 1995; 56: 159-161.
40 Lee DV, Bertram JE, Todhunter RJ. Acceleration and balance in trotting dogs. J Exp Biol 1999; 202: 3565-3573.
41 Dulaney D, Purinton T, Dookwah H. et al. Effect of starting distance on vertical ground reaction forces in the normal dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2005; 18: 183-185.
42 Souza ANA, Tatarunas AC, Matera JM. Evaluation of vertical forces in the pads of Pitbulls with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10: 1-6.
43 Katic N, Bockstahler BA, Mueller M. et al. Fourier analysis of vertical ground reaction forces in dogs with unilateral hind limb lameness caused by degenerative disease of the hip joint and in dogs without lameness. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70: 403-406.
44 Souza AN, Pinto AC, Marvulle V. et al. Vertical forces assessment according to radiographic hip grade in German shepherd dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56: 108-111.
45 Seibert R, Marcellin-Little DJ, Roe SC. et al. Comparison of body weight distribution, peak vertical force, and vertical impulse as measures of hip joint pain and efficacy of total hip replacement. Vet Surg 2012; 41: 443-447.
46 Lister SA, Roush JK, Renberg WC. et al. Ground reaction force analysis of unilateral coxofemoral denervation for the treatment of canine hip dysplasia. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2009; 22: 137-141.
47 Voss K, Imhof J, Kaestner S. et al. Force plate gait analysis at the walk and trot in dogs with low-grade hindlimb lameness. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2007; 20: 299-304.
48 Rumph PF, Kincaid SA, Visco DM. et al. Redistribution of vertical ground reaction force in dogs with experimentally induced chronic hindlimb lameness. Vet Surg 1995; 24: 384-389.
49 O’Connor BL, Visco DM, Heck DA. et al. Gait alterations in dogs after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament. Arthritis Rheum 1989; 32: 1142-1147.
50 Luna SP, Basílio AC, Steagall PV. et al. Evaluation of adverse effects of long-term oral administration of carprofen, etodolac, flunixinmeglumine, ketoprofen, and meloxicam in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68: 258-264.
51 Beale SB. Use of nutraceuticals and chondroprotectants in osteoarthritic dogs and cats. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract 2004; 34: 271-289.
52 Quinn MM, Keuler NS, Lu Y. et al. Evaluation of agreement between numerical rating scales, visual analogue scoring scales, and force plate gait analysis in dogs. Vet Surg 2007; 36: 360-367.
53 Budsberg SC, Chambers JN, Lue SL. et al. Prospective evaluation of ground reaction forces in dogs undergoing unilateral total hip replacement. Am J Vet Res 1996; 57: 1781-1785.
54 Bockstahler B, Krautler C, Holler P. et al. Pelvic limb kinematics and surface electromyography of the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and gluteus medius muscle in dogs with hip osteoarthritis. Vet Surg 2012; 41: 54-62.
55 Lascelles BD, Gaynor JS, Smith ES. et al. Amantadine in a multimodal analgesic regimen for alleviation of refractory osteoarthritis pain in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22: 53-59.
56 Burton NJ, Owen MR, Colborne GR. et al. Can owners and clinicians assess outcome in dogs with fragmented medial coronoid process?. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2009; 22: 183-189.