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J Am Acad Audiol 2018; 29(07): 609-625
DOI: 10.3766/jaaa.16171
Articles
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Psychometric Validity, Reliability, and Responsiveness of the Tinnitus Functional Index

Navshika Chandra
*   Audiology Section, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
,
Kevin Chang
†   Statistics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
,
Arier Lee
‡   Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
,
Giriraj S. Shekhawat
*   Audiology Section, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
§   Health Systems, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
,
Grant D. Searchfield
*   Audiology Section, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
**   Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
††   Brain Research New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
‡‡   Eisdell Moore Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
› Author Affiliations
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Publication History

Publication Date:
29 May 2020 (online)

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Abstract

Background:

The effects of treatments on tinnitus have been difficult to quantify. The Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI) has been proposed as a standard questionnaire for measurement of tinnitus treatment outcomes. For a questionnaire to achieve wide acceptance, its psychometric properties need to be confirmed in different populations.

Objective:

To determine if the TFI is a reliable and valid measure of tinnitus, and if its psychometric properties are suitable for use as an outcome measure.

Research Design:

A psychometric evaluation of the TFI from secondary data obtained from a cross-sectional clinic survey and a clinical trial undertaken in New Zealand.

Study Sample:

Confirmatory factor analysis and evaluation of internal consistency reliability were undertaken on a sample of 318 patients with the primary complaint of tinnitus. In a separate sample of 40 research volunteers, test–retest reliability, convergent and divergent validity were evaluated. Both samples consisted of predominantly older Caucasian male patients with tinnitus.

Results:

The internal structure of the original US TFI was confirmed. The Cronbach’s Alpha and Intraclass correlation coefficients were >0.7 for the TFI overall and each of its subscales, indicating high internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Strong Pearson correlations with the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire and tinnitus numerical rating scales indicated excellent convergent validity, and a moderate correlation with the Hearing Handicap Inventory, indicated moderate divergent validity. Evaluation of the clinical trial showed good test–retest reliability and agreement between no-treatment baselines with a smallest detectable change of 4.8 points.

Conclusions:

The TFI is a reliable and valid measure of tinnitus severity in the population tested and is responsive to treatment-related change. Further research as to the TFI’s responsiveness to treatment is needed across different populations.

Key Words

psychometric - questionnaire - severity - tinnitus - Tinnitus Functional Index

Elements of this research were presented at the 8th International Tinnitus Research Initiative Conference in March 2014 in Auckland, New Zealand.


Declaration of Interest: Grant D. Searchfield was one of the authors involved in the development of the Tinnitus Functional Index.


 

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