Endoscopic ultrasound.guided fine-needle tissue acquisition – A review and update of literature

Benjamin Tharian; Nayana George; Ashley Canipe; Bronte Holt; Konrad Krall; Shantel Hébert-Magee; Udayakumar Navaneethan; Robert H. Hawes; Shyam Varadarajulu; Muhammad K. Hasan

doi:10.4103/0976-5042.155230

Journal of Digestive Endoscopy, Inhaltsverzeichnis

CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Journal of Digestive Endoscopy 2015; 06(01): 001-010
DOI: 10.4103/0976-5042.155230

Review Article

Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of India

Endoscopic ultrasound.guided fine-needle tissue acquisition – A review and update of literature

Benjamin Tharian

Advanced Endoscopy Fellow, Center for Interventional Endoscopy, Florida Hospital, Orlando, USA

,

Nayana George

¹Department of Medicine, Western Hospital, Melbourne, Australia

,

Ashley Canipe

Advanced Endoscopy Fellow, Center for Interventional Endoscopy, Florida Hospital, Orlando, USA

,

Bronte Holt

²Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent′s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia

,

Konrad Krall

³Cytotechnician, Center for Interventional Endoscopy, Florida Hospital, Orlando, USA

,

Shantel Hébert-Magee

⁴Cytopathologist, Center for Interventional Endoscopy, Florida Hospital, Orlando, USA

,

Udayakumar Navaneethan

⁵Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Interventional Gastroenterologist, Center for Interventional Endoscopy, Florida Hospital, Orlando, USA

,

Robert H. Hawes

⁶Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Interventional Gastroenterologist and Medical Director, Institute for Minimally Invasive Therapy, Florida Hospital, Orlando, USA

,

Shyam Varadarajulu

⁷Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Interventional Gastroenterologist and Medical Director, Center for Interventional Endoscopy, Florida Hospital, Orlando, USA

,

Muhammad K. Hasan

⁵Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Interventional Gastroenterologist, Center for Interventional Endoscopy, Florida Hospital, Orlando, USA

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

als PDF herunterladen

Abstract

Ever since the first endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) was done in 1992, the procedure has evolved to become an indispensable tool for tissue acquisition in patients with gastrointestinal tumors and periluminal lesions. With the growing evidence of neoadjuvant therapy and research into intratumoral therapy, the need to obtain tissue diagnosis for tumors is quite apparent. This review provides an overall perspective to the endosonographer on various issues that are a key for best practices in FNA, in addition to being an update for practicing experienced endosonographers.

Key words

Cytology - endoscopic ultrasound - fine-needle aspiration - fine needle core biopsy - molecular markers - rapid onsite cytologic evaluation - tissue acquisition - training

PDF (379 kb)

Referenzen

References
1 Holt BA, Varadarajulu S, Hébert-Magee S. High-quality endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration tissue acquisition. Adv Ther 2014;31:696-707.
2 Varadarajulu S, Fockens P, Hawes RH. Best practices in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10:697-703.
3 Hasan MK, Hawes RH. EUS-guided FNA of solid pancreas tumors. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2012;22:155-67, vii.
4 Tharian B, Tsiopoulos F, George N, Pietro SD, Attili F, Larghi A. Endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration: Technique and applications in clinical practice. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2012;4:532-44.
5 ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Early DS, Acosta RD, Chandrasekhara V, Chathadi KV, Decker GA, et al. Adverse events associated with EUS and EUS with FNA. Gastrointest Endosc 2013;77:839-43.
6 Chaya C, Nealon WH, Bhutani MS. EUS or percutaneous CT/US-guided FNA for suspected pancreatic cancer: When tissue is the issue. Gastrointest Endosc 2006;63:976-8.
7 Larghi A, Fuccio L, Chiarello G, Attili F, Vanella G, Paliani GB, et al. Fine-needle tissue acquisition from subepithelial lesions using a forward-viewing linear echoendoscope. Endoscopy 2014;46:39-45.
8 Beacon Endoscopic′s BNX System for EUS FNA (Video). Available from: http://www.medgadget.com/2012/04/beacon-endoscopics-bnx-system-for-eus-fna-video.html. [Last cited on 2014 Oct 12].
9 Bang JY, Hebert-Magee S, Trevino J, Ramesh J, Varadarajulu S. Randomized trial comparing the 22-gauge aspiration and 22-gauge biopsy needles for EUS-guided sampling of solid pancreatic mass lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 2012;76:321-7.
10 Fuccio L, Larghi A. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration: How to obtain a core biopsy? Endosc Ultrasound 2014;3:71-81.
11 Ramesh J, Bang JY, Hebert-Magee S, Trevino J, Eltoum I, Frost A, et al. Randomized trial comparing the flexible 19G and 25G needles for endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of solid pancreatic mass lesions. Pancreas 2015;44:128-133.
12 Kaffes AJ, Chen RY, Tam W, Norton I, Cho S, Devereaux B, et al. A prospective multicenter evaluation of a new side-port endoscopic ultrasound-fine-needle aspiration in solid upper gastrointestinal lesions. Dig Endosc 2012;24:448-51.
13 Kaffes A, Corte C. Fine needle aspiration at endoscopic ultrasound with a novel side-port needle: A pilot experience. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2012;5:89-94.
14 Bournet B, Selves J, Grand D, Danjoux M, Hanoun N, Cordelier P, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy coupled with a KRAS mutation assay using allelic discrimination improves the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol 2015;49:50-6.
15 Nie S, Lo A, Wu J, Zhu J, Tan Z, Simeone DM, et al. Glycoprotein biomarker panel for pancreatic cancer discovered by quantitative proteomics analysis. J Proteome Res 2014;13:1873-84.
16 Jabbar KS, Verbeke C, Hyltander AG, Sjövall H, Hansson GC, Sadik R. Proteomic mucin profiling for the identification of cystic precursors of pancreatic cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014;106:djt439.
17 Al-Haddad M, DeWitt J, Sherman S, Schmidt CM, LeBlanc JK, McHenry L, et al. Performance characteristics of molecular (DNA) analysis for the diagnosis of mucinous pancreatic cysts. Gastrointest Endosc 2014;79:79-87.
18 Alsohaibani F, Girgis S, Sandha GS. Does onsite cytotechnology evaluation improve the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy? Can J Gastroenterol 2009;23:26-30.
19 Varadarajulu S, Fraig M, Schmulewitz N, Roberts S, Wildi S, Hawes RH, et al. Comparison of EUS-guided 19-gauge Trucut needle biopsy with EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration. Endoscopy 2004;36:397-401.
20 Lee KR, Papillo JL, St John T, Eyerer GJ. Evaluation of the ThinPrep processor for fine needle aspiration specimens. Acta Cytol 1996;40:895-9.
21 Layfield LJ, Ehya H, Filie AC, Hruban RH, Jhala N, Joseph L, et al. Utilization of ancillary studies in the cytologic diagnosis of biliary and pancreatic lesions: The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology Guidelines. Cytojournal 2014;11:4.
22 Iglesias-Garcia J, Lariño-Noia J, Abdulkader I, Domínguez-Muñoz JE. Rapid on-site evaluation of endoscopic-ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of pancreatic masses. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:9451-7.
23 Erickson RA, Sayage-Rabie L, Beissner RS. Factors predicting the number of EUS-guided fine-needle passes for diagnosis of pancreatic malignancies. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:184-90.
24 DiMaio CJ, Buscaglia JM, Gross SA, Aslanian HR, Goodman AJ, Ho S, et al. Practice patterns in FNA technique: A survey analysis. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2014;6:499-505.
25 Jhala NC, Jhala DN, Chhieng DC, Eloubeidi MA, Eltoum IA. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration. A cytopathologist′s perspective. Am J Clin Pathol 2003;120:351-67.
26 Varadarajulu S, Holt BA, Bang JY, Hasan MK, Logue A, Tamhane A, et al. Training endosonographers in cytopathology: Improving the results of EUS-guided FNA. Gastrointest Endosc 2015;81:104-10.
27 Buxbaum JL, Eloubeidi MA, Lane CJ, Varadarajulu S, Linder A, Crowe AE, et al. Dynamic telecytology compares favorably to rapid onsite evaluation of endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspirates. Dig Dis Sci 2012;57:3092-7.
28 Eisen GM, Dominitz JA, Faigel DO, Goldstein JA, Petersen BT, Raddawi HM, et al. Guidelines for credentialing and granting privileges for endoscopic ultrasound. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;54:811-4.
29 Paquin SC. Training in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration. Endosc Ultrasound 2014;3:12-6.
30 Wani S, Hall M, Keswani RN, Aslanian HR, Casey B, Burbridge R, et al. Variation in aptitude of trainees in endoscopic ultrasonography, based on cumulative sum analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;pii:S1542-3565(14)01621-8.
31 Siddiqui UD, Rossi F, Rosenthal LS, Padda MS, Murali-Dharan V, Aslanian HR. EUS-guided FNA of solid pancreatic masses: A prospective, randomized trial comparing 22-gauge and 25-gauge needles. Gastrointest Endosc 2009;70:1093-7.
32 Camellini L, Carlinfante G, Azzolini F, Iori V, Cavina M, Sereni G, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing 22G and 25G needles in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of solid lesions. Endoscopy 2011;43:709-15.
33 Vilmann P, Saftoiu A, Hollerbach S, Skov BG, Linnemann D, Popescu CF, et al. Multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing the performance of 22 gauge versus 25 gauge EUS-FNA needles in solid masses. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013;48:877-83.
34 Varadarajulu S, Bang JY, Holt BA, Hasan MK, Logue A, Hawes RH, et al. The 25-gauge EUS-FNA needle: Good for on-site but poor for off-site evaluation? Results of a randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2014;80:1056-63.
35 Madhoun MF, Wani SB, Rastogi A, Early D, Gaddam S, Tierney WM, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of 22-gauge and 25-gauge needles in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of solid pancreatic lesions: A meta-analysis. Endoscopy 2013;45:86-92.
36 Affolter KE, Schmidt RL, Matynia AP, Adler DG, Factor RE. Needle size has only a limited effect on outcomes in EUS-guided fine needle aspiration: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2013;58:1026-34.
37 Yasuda I, Tsurumi H, Omar S, Iwashita T, Kojima Y, Yamada T, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy for lymphadenopathy of unknown origin. Endoscopy 2006;38:919-24.
38 Itoi T, Itokawa F, Sofuni A, Nakamura K, Tsuchida A, Yamao K, et al. Puncture of solid pancreatic tumors guided by endoscopic ultrasonography: A pilot study series comparing Trucut and 19-gauge and 22-gauge aspiration needles. Endoscopy 2005;37:362-6.
39 Song TJ, Kim JH, Lee SS, Eum JB, Moon SH, Park do H, et al. The prospective randomized, controlled trial of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration using 22G and 19G aspiration needles for solid pancreatic or peripancreatic masses. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:1739-45.
40 Larghi A, Verna EC, Ricci R, Seerden TC, Galasso D, Carnuccio A, et al. EUS-guided fine-needle tissue acquisition by using a 19-gauge needle in a selected patient population: A prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;74:504-10.
41 Adler DG, Jacobson BC, Davila RE, Hirota WK, Leighton JA, Qureshi WA, et al. ASGE guideline: Complications of EUS. Gastrointest Endosc 2005;61:8-12.
42 Iwashita T, Nakai Y, Samarasena JB, Park do H, Zhang Z, Gu M, et al. High single-pass diagnostic yield of a new 25-gauge core biopsy needle for EUS-guided FNA biopsy in solid pancreatic lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 2013;77:909-15.
43 Larghi A, Verna EC, Stavropoulos SN, Rotterdam H, Lightdale CJ, Stevens PD. EUS-guided trucut needle biopsies in patients with solid pancreatic masses: A prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;59:185-90.
44 Iglesias-Garcia J, Poley JW, Larghi A, Giovannini M, Petrone MC, Abdulkader I, et al. Feasibility and yield of a new EUS histology needle: Results from a multicenter, pooled, cohort study. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;73:1189-96.
45 Larghi A, Iglesias-Garcia J, Poley JW, Monges G, Petrone MC, Rindi G, et al. Feasibility and yield of a novel 22-gauge histology EUS needle in patients with pancreatic masses: A multicenter prospective cohort study. Surg Endosc 2013;27:3733-8.
46 Hucl T, Wee E, Anuradha S, Gupta R, Ramchandani M, Rakesh K, et al. Feasibility and efficiency of a new 22G core needle: A prospective comparison study. Endoscopy 2013;45:792-8.
47 Vanbiervliet G, Napoléon B, Saint Paul MC, Sakarovitch C, Wangermez M, Bichard P, et al. Core needle versus standard needle for endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy of solid pancreatic masses: A randomized crossover study. Endoscopy 2014;46:1063-70.
48 Lee YN, Moon JH, Kim HK, Choi HJ, Choi MH, Kim DC, et al. Core biopsy needle versus standard aspiration needle for endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling of solid pancreatic masses: A randomized parallel-group study. Endoscopy 2014;46:1056-62.
49 Bang JY, Ramesh J, Trevino J, Eloubeidi MA, Varadarajulu S. Objective assessment of an algorithmic approach to EUS-guided FNA and interventions. Gastrointest Endosc 2013;77:739-44.
50 Itoi T, Itokawa F, Kurihara T, Sofuni A, Tsuchiya T, Ishii K, et al. Experimental endoscopy: Objective evaluation of EUS needles. Gastrointest Endosc 2009;69:509-16.
51 Lee JK, Choi JH, Lee KH, Kim KM, Shin JU, Lee JK, et al. A prospective, comparative trial to optimize sampling techniques in EUS-guided FNA of solid pancreatic masses. Gastrointest Endosc 2013;77:745-51.
52 Sahai AV, Paquin SC, Gariépy G. A prospective comparison of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration results obtained in the same lesion, with and without the needle stylet. Endoscopy 2010;42:900-3.
53 Rastogi A, Wani S, Gupta N, Singh V, Gaddam S, Reddymasu S, et al. A prospective, single-blind, randomized, controlled trial of EUS-guided FNA with and without a stylet. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;74:58-64.
54 Wani S, Gupta N, Gaddam S, Singh V, Ulusarac O, Romanas M, et al. A comparative study of endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration with and without a stylet. Dig Dis Sci 2011;56:2409-14.
55 Trindade AJ, Berzin TM. Clinical controversies in endoscopic ultrasound. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2013;1:33-41.
56 Wallace MB, Kennedy T, Durkalski V, Eloubeidi MA, Etamad R, Matsuda K, et al. Randomized controlled trial of EUS-guided fine needle aspiration techniques for the detection of malignant lymphadenopathy. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;54:441-7.
57 Puri R, Vilmann P, Saftoiu A, Skov BG, Linnemann D, Hassan H, et al. Randomized controlled trial of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle sampling with or without suction for better cytological diagnosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009;44:499-504.
58 Nakai Y, Isayama H, Chang KJ, Yamamoto N, Hamada T, Uchino R, et al. Slow pull versus suction in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of pancreatic solid masses. Dig Dis Sci 2014;59:1578-85.
59 Polkowski M, Larghi A, Weynand B, Boustière C, Giovannini M, Pujol B, et al. Learning, techniques, and complications of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided sampling in gastroenterology: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Technical Guideline. Endoscopy 2012;44:190-206.
60 Bang JY, Magee SH, Ramesh J, Trevino JM, Varadarajulu S. Randomized trial comparing fanning with standard technique for endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of solid pancreatic mass lesions. Endoscopy 2013;45:445-50.
61 Hikichi T, Irisawa A, Bhutani MS, Takagi T, Shibukawa G, Yamamoto G, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of solid pancreatic masses with rapid on-site cytological evaluation by endosonographers without attendance of cytopathologists. J Gastroenterol 2009;44:322-8.
62 Klapman JB, Logrono R, Dye CE, Waxman I. Clinical impact of on-site cytopathology interpretation on endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:1289-94.
63 Varadarajulu S, Hasan MK, Bang JY, Hebert-Magee S, Hawes RH. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition. Dig Endosc 2014;26 Suppl 1:62-9.
64 Jhala NC, Jhala D, Eltoum I, Vickers SM, Wilcox CM, Chhieng DC, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: A powerful tool to obtain samples from small lesions. Cancer 2004;102:239-46.
65 Eloubeidi MA, Tamhane A. EUS-guided FNA of solid pancreatic masses: A learning curve with 300 consecutive procedures. Gastrointest Endosc 2005;61:700-8.
66 Eltoum IA, Alston EA, Roberson J. Trends in pancreatic pathology practice before and after implementation of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration: An example of disruptive innovation effect? Arch Pathol Lab Med 2012;136:447-53.
67 Chang KJ. Maximizing the yield of EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;56:S28-34.
68 DeWitt J, McGreevy K, Sherman S, LeBlanc J. Utility of a repeated EUS at a tertiary-referral center. Gastrointest Endosc 2008;67:610-9.
69 Eloubeidi MA, Varadarajulu S, Desai S, Wilcox CM. Value of repeat endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for suspected pancreatic cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23:567-70.
70 Nicaud M, Hou W, Collins D, Wagh MS, Chauhan S, Draganov PV. The utility of repeat endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for suspected pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2010;2010:268290.
71 Reicher S, Boyar FZ, Albitar M, Sulcova V, Agersborg S, Nga V, et al. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and K-ras analyses improve diagnostic yield of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of solid pancreatic masses. Pancreas 2011;40:1057-62.
72 Brand RE, Adai AT, Centeno BA, Lee LS, Rateb G, Vignesh S, et al. A microRNA-based test improves endoscopic ultrasound-guided cytologic diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;12:1717-23.
73 Ranney N, Phadnis M, Trevino J, Ramesh J, Wilcox CM, Varadarajulu S. Impact of biliary stents on EUS-guided FNA of pancreatic mass lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 2012;76:76-83.
74 Siddiqui AA, Fein M, Kowalski TE, Loren DE, Eloubeidi MA. Comparison of the influence of plastic and fully covered metal biliary stents on the accuracy of EUS-FNA for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2012;57:2438-45.
75 Fisher JM, Gordon SR, Gardner TB. The impact of prior biliary stenting on the accuracy and complication rate of endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration for diagnosing pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 2011;40:21-4.
76 Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI, Cosgrove DO, Kudo M, Nolsøe CP, et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver - Update 2012: A WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultrasound Med Biol 2013;39:187-210.
77 Popescu A, Saftoiu A. Can elastography replace fine needle aspiration? Endosc Ultrasound 2014;3:109-17.
78 Giovannini M, Thomas B, Erwan B, Christian P, Fabrice C, Benjamin E, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound elastography for evaluation of lymph nodes and pancreatic masses: A multicenter study. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:1587-93.
79 Iglesias-Garcia J, Larino-Noia J, Abdulkader I, Forteza J, Dominguez-Munoz JE. EUS elastography for the characterization of solid pancreatic masses. Gastrointest Endosc 2009;70:1101-8.
80 Dietrich CF, Jenssen C. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling in gastroenterology: European society of gastrointestinal endoscopy technical guidelines. Endosc Ultrasound 2013;2:117-22.
81 Kitano M, Sakamoto H, Kudo M. Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound. Dig Endosc 2014;26 Suppl 1:79-85.
82 Hocke M, Schulze E, Gottschalk P, Topalidis T, Dietrich CF. Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound in discrimination between focal pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:246-50.
83 Hocke M, Schmidt C, Zimmer B, Topalidis T, Dietrich CF, Stallmach A. Contrast enhanced endosonography for improving differential diagnosis between chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2008;133:1888-92.
84 Gheonea DI, Streba CT, Ciurea T, Saftoiu A. Quantitative low mechanical index contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound for the differential diagnosis of chronic pseudotumoral pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. BMC Gastroenterol 2013;13:2.
85 Dietrich CF, Ignee A, Braden B, Barreiros AP, Ott M, Hocke M. Improved differentiation of pancreatic tumors using contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6:590-597.e1.
86 Saftoiu A, Iordache SA, Gheonea DI, Popescu C, Malos A, Gorunescu F, et al. Combined contrast-enhanced power Doppler and real-time sonoelastography performed during EUS, used in the differential diagnosis of focal pancreatic masses (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2010;72:739-47.
87 Corless CL. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: What do we know now? Mod Pathol 2014;27 Suppl 1:S1-16.
88 Corless CL, Barnett CM, Heinrich MC. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: Origin and molecular oncology. Nat Rev Cancer 2011;11:865-78.
89 Eisenberg BL, Pipas JM. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor - Background, pathology, treatment. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2012;26:1239-59.
90 Larghi A, Capurso G, Carnuccio A, Ricci R, Alfieri S, Galasso D, et al. Ki-67 grading of nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors on histologic samples obtained by EUS-guided fine-needle tissue acquisition: A prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 2012;76:570-7.
91 Biankin AV, Kench JG, Colvin EK, Segara D, Scarlett CJ, Nguyen NQ, et al. Expression of S100A2 calcium-binding protein predicts response to pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology 2009;137:558-68, 568.e1.
92 Villanueva RR, Nguyen-Ho P, Nguyen GK. Needle aspiration cytology of acinar-cell carcinoma of the pancreas: Report of a case with diagnostic pitfalls and unusual ultrastructural findings. Diagn Cytopathol 1994;10:362-4.
93 Gleeson FC, Kipp BR, Caudill JL, Clain JE, Clayton AC, Halling KC, et al. False positive endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration cytology: Incidence and risk factors. Gut 2010;59:586-93.
94 Bang JY, Varadarajulu S. Neoplasia in chronic pancreatitis: How to maximize the yield of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration. Clin Endosc 2014;47:420-4.
95 Varadarajulu S, Tamhane A, Eloubeidi MA. Yield of EUS-guided FNA of pancreatic masses in the presence or the absence of chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2005;62:728-36.
96 Das A, Sivak MV Jr, Chak A. Cervical esophageal perforation during EUS: A national survey. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:599-602.
97 Fujii LL, Levy MJ. Basic techniques in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for solid lesions: Adverse events and avoiding them. Endosc Ultrasound 2014;3:35-45.
98 Eloubeidi MA, Tamhane A, Varadarajulu S, Wilcox CM. Frequency of major complications after EUS-guided FNA of solid pancreatic masses: A prospective evaluation. Gastrointest Endosc 2006;63:622-9.
99 Annema JT, Veseliç M, Versteegh MI, Rabe KF. Mediastinitis caused by EUS-FNA of a bronchogenic cyst. Endoscopy 2003;35:791-3.
100 Diehl DL, Cheruvattath R, Facktor MA, Go BD. Infection after endoscopic ultrasound-guided aspiration of mediastinal cysts. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2010;10:338-40.
101 Wang KX, Ben QW, Jin ZD, Du YQ, Zou DW, Liao Z, et al. Assessment of morbidity and mortality associated with EUS-guided FNA: A systematic review. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;73:283-90.
102 Reddymasu S, Oropeza-Vail MM, Williamson S, Jafri F, Olyaee M. Pancreatic leak after endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration managed by transpapillary pancreatic duct stenting. JOP 2011;12:489-90.
103 Gress F, Michael H, Gelrud D, Patel P, Gottlieb K, Singh F, et al. EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration of the pancreas: Evaluation of pancreatitis as a complication. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;56:864-7.
104 Prachayakul V, Aswakul P. Successful endoscopic treatment of iatrogenic biloma as a complication of endosonography-guided hepaticogastrostomy: The first case report. J Interv Gastroenterol 2012;2:202-4.
105 Giovannini M, Bories E. EUS-Guided Biliary Drainage. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2012;2012:348719.
106 Kahaleh M. Training the next generation of advanced endoscopists in EUS-guided biliary and pancreatic drainage: Learning from master endoscopists. Gastrointest Endosc 2013;78:638-41.
107 Chong A, Venugopal K, Segarajasingam D, Lisewski D. Tumor seeding after EUS-guided FNA of pancreatic tail neoplasia. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;74:933-5.
108 Paquin SC, Gariépy G, Lepanto L, Bourdages R, Raymond G, Sahai AV. A first report of tumor seeding because of EUS-guided FNA of a pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 2005;61:610-1.
109 Horwhat JD, Paulson EK, McGrath K, Branch MS, Baillie J, Tyler D, et al. A randomized comparison of EUS-guided FNA versus CT or US-guided FNA for the evaluation of pancreatic mass lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 2006;63:966-75.
110 Ngamruengphong S, Xu C, Woodward TA, Raimondo M, Stauffer JA, Asbun HJ, et al. Risk of gastric or peritoneal recurrence, and long-term outcomes, following pancreatic cancer resection with preoperative endosonographically guided fine needle aspiration. Endoscopy 2013;45:619-26.
111 Yoon WJ, Daglilar ES, Fernández-del Castillo C, Mino-Kenudson M, Pitman MB, Brugge WR. Peritoneal seeding in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas patients who underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration: The PIPE Study. Endoscopy 2014;46:382-7.
112 Ikezawa K, Uehara H, Sakai A, Fukutake N, Imanaka K, Ohkawa K, et al. Risk of peritoneal carcinomatosis by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for pancreatic cancer. J Gastroenterol 2013;48:966-72.
113 Micames C, Jowell PS, White R, Paulson E, Nelson R, Morse M, et al. Lower frequency of peritoneal carcinomatosis in patients with pancreatic cancer diagnosed by EUS-guided FNA vs. percutaneous FNA. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;58:690-5.
114 El Chafic AH, Dewitt J, Leblanc JK, El Hajj II, Cote G, House MG, et al. Impact of preoperative endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration on postoperative recurrence and survival in cholangiocarcinoma patients. Endoscopy 2013;45:883-9.
115 Fritscher-Ravens A, Broering DC, Sriram PV, Topalidis T, Jaeckle S, Thonke F, et al. EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: A case series. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;52:534-40.
116 Heimbach JK, Sanchez W, Rosen CB, Gores GJ. Trans-peritoneal fine needle aspiration biopsy of hilar cholangiocarcinoma is associated with disease dissemination. HPB (Oxford) 2011;13:356-60.
117 Navaneethan U, Njei B, Venkatesh PG, Lourdusamy V, Sanaka MR. Endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma as the etiology of biliary strictures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2014;pii:gou057.