Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Eur J Dent 2014; 08(04): 538-545
DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.143639
Original Article
Dental Investigation Society

Spectrophotometric and computerized evaluation of tooth bleaching employing 10 different home-bleaching procedures: In-vitro study

Cem Peskersoy
1   Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye
,
Ayhan Tetik
2   Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye
,
Veli Ozgen Ozturk
3   Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkiye
,
Necmi Gokay
4   Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkiye
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
25 September 2019 (online)

  PDF Download Permissions and Reprints

ABSTRACT

Objective: The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of bleaching products, determine the applicability and validation of the measurement methods. Materials and Methods: Freshly extracted 110 human incisor teeth were stained with whole blood and hemolysate solution prior to the application of 10 different home-bleaching products. Spectrophotometric measurements of the tooth shades were performed for each specimen before and after bleaching at the 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 14 days. Differences in lightness (Δl), chroma (Δc), hue (Δh) values and shade changes were measured to evaluate process. Computerized digital imaging analyses to determine the color changes were performed with Photoshop CS4 software (Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA). Statistical analyses were performed with analysis of variance, Scheffe and Tukey tests. Results: In all of the test groups regardless of the material used, a significant increase in lightness and hue, and decrease of chroma were observed, as compared to the control group. After recommended bleaching applications, Δl and Δh values respectively increased in group Zaris White and Brite (ZWB) and group Pola Night and Δc values showed significant decrease in groups ZWB and Rembrandt REM3 (P < 0.05). At the end of the procedure both spectrophotometric and digital imaging analysis showed ZWB was the most effective product among the others while Yotuel and Happy Smile were the least (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Home-bleaching systems showed slower but almost permanent bleaching effect likewise office-based methods. Both software and spectrophotometric analyses have advantages such as evaluating the results objectively and numerically, also treatment outcomes could be preserved.

Key words:

Digital imaging analysis - home-bleaching - spectrophotometer
 

  • REFERENCES

  • 1 Burrows S. A review of the efficacy of tooth bleaching. Dent Update. 2009: 36537-8
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Cardoso PC, Reis A, Loguercio A, Vieira LC, Baratieri LN. Clinical effectiveness and tooth sensitivity associated with different bleaching times for a 10 percent carbamide peroxide gel. J Am Dent Assoc 2010; 141: 1213-20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Howe-Grant M. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed.. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons Publications; 2008: 290-1
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Joiner A. The bleaching of teeth: A review of the literature. J Dent 2006; 34: 412-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Ten BoschJJ, Coops JC. Tooth color and reflectance as related to light scattering and enamel hardness. J Dent Res 1995; 74: 374-80
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Macpherson LM, Stephen KW, Joiner A, Schäfer F, Huntington E. Comparison of a conventional and modified tooth stain index. J Clin Periodontol 2000; 27: 854-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Joiner A. Tooth colour: A review of the literature. J Dent 2004; 32 (Suppl. 01) 3-12
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Boushell LW, Ritter AV, Garland GE, Tiwana KK, Smith LR, Broome A. et al. Nightguard vital bleaching: Side effects and patient satisfaction 10 to 17 years post-treatment. J Esthet Restor Dent 2012; 24: 211-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Ishikawa-Nagai S, Terui T, Ishibashi K, Weber HP, Ferguson M. Comparison of effectiveness of two 10% carbamide peroxide tooth-bleaching systems using spectrophotometric measurements. J Esthet Restor Dent 2004; 16: 368-75
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Meireles SS, dos Santos IdaS, Della BonaA, Demarco FF. A double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial of 10 percent versus 16 percent carbamide peroxide tooth-bleaching agents: One-year follow-up. J Am Dent Assoc 2009; 140: 1109-17
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Meireles SS, Heckmann SS, Leida FL, dos Santos IdaS, Della BonaA, Demarco FF. Efficacy and safety of 10% and 16% carbamide peroxide tooth-whitening gels: A randomized clinical trial. Oper Dent 2008; 33: 606-12
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Alonso de la PeñaV, López RatónM. Randomized clinical trial on the efficacy and safety of four professional at-home tooth whitening gels. Oper Dent 2014; 39: 136-43
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Kose C, Reis A, Baratieri LN, Loguercio AD. Clinical effects of at-home bleaching along with desensitizing agent application. Am J Dent 2011; 24: 379-82
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Efeoglu N, Wood D, Efeoglu C. Microcomputerised tomography evaluation of 10% carbamide peroxide applied to enamel. J Dent 2005; 33: 561-7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Deliperi S, Bardwell DN. Two-year clinical evaluation of nonvital tooth whitening and resin composite restorations. J Esthet Restor Dent 2005; 17: 369-78
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Basting RT, Rodrigues JúniorAL, Serra MC. The effect of 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching material on microhardness of sound and demineralized enamel and dentin in situ . Oper Dent 2001; 26: 531-9
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Dietschi D, Benbachir N, Krejci I. In vitro colorimetric evaluation of the efficacy of home bleaching and over-the-counter bleaching products. Quintessence Int 2010; 41: 505-16
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Lehmann KM, Igiel C, Schmidtmann I, Scheller H. Four color-measuring devices compared with a spectrophotometric reference system. J Dent 2010; 38 (Suppl. 02) e65-70
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Ameri H, Ghavamnasiri M, Abed A. Effects of different bleaching time intervals on fracture toughness of enamel. J Conserv Dent 2011; 14: 73-5
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Gerlach RW, Barker ML. Professional vital bleaching using a thin and concentrated peroxide gel on whitening strips: An integrated clinical summary. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004; 5: 1-17
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Al Machot E, Noack B, Hoffmann T. In vitro evaluation of two whitening regimens using color-analyzing methods. Quintessence Int 2010; 41: 145-56
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Lath DL, Smith RN, Guan YH, Karmo M, Brook AH. Measurement of stain on extracted teeth using spectrophotometry and digital image analysis. Int J Dent Hyg 2007; 5: 174-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Braun A, Jepsen S, Krause F. Spectrophotometric and visual evaluation of vital tooth bleaching employing different carbamide peroxide concentrations. Dent Mater 2007; 23: 165-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Jadad E, Montoya J, Arana G, Gordillo LA, Palo RM, Loguercio AD. Spectrophotometric evaluation of color alterations with a new dental bleaching product in patients wearing orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 140: e43-7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Paravina RD, Majkic G, Imai FH, Powers JM. Optimization of tooth color and shade guide design. J Prosthodont 2007; 16: 269-76
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Gomes LdeO, Mathias P, Rizzo P, de Araújo TM, Cangussu MC. Effect of dental bleaching after bracket bonding and debonding using three different adhesive systems. Dental Press J Orthod 2013; 18: 61-8
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Almeida LC, Riehl H, Santos PH, Sundfeld ML, Briso AL. Clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of different bleaching therapies in vital teeth. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2012; 32: 303-9
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Bernardon JK, Sartori N, Ballarin A, Perdigão J, Lopes GC, Baratieri LN. Clinical performance of vital bleaching techniques. Oper Dent 2010; 35: 3-10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 He LB, Shao MY, Tan K, Xu X, Li JY. The effects of light on bleaching and tooth sensitivity during in-office vital bleaching: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent 2012; 40: 644-53
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Leonard Jr RH. Long-term treatment results with nightguard vital bleaching. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2003; 24: 364-74
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Wetter NU, Branco EP, Deana AM, Pelino JE. Color differences of canines and incisors in a comparative long-term clinical trial of three bleaching systems. Lasers Med Sci 2009; 24: 941-7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Chu SJ. Use of a reflectance spectrophotometer in evaluating shade change resulting from tooth-whitening products. J Esthet Restor Dent 2003; 15 (Suppl. 01) S42-8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Porkhun TV, Iakoviuk IA. The experience with spectrophotometric method for determination of teeth colour changes in the process of tooth whitening by different systems. Stomatologiia (Mosk) 2006; 85: 11-3
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Jarad FD, Russell MD, Moss BW. The use of digital imaging for colour matching and communication in restorative dentistry. Br Dent J 2005; 199: 43-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Bengel WM. Digital photography and the assessment of therapeutic results after bleaching procedures. J Esthet Restor Dent 2003; 15 (Suppl. 01) S21-32
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Hassel AJ, Cevirgen E, Balke Z, Rammelsberg P. Intraexaminer reliability of measurement of tooth color by spectrophotometry. Quintessence Int 2009; 40: 421-6
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Li Y. Tooth color measurement using Chroma Meter: Techniques, advantages, and disadvantages. J Esthet Restor Dent 2003; 15 (Suppl. 01) S33-41
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Rustogi KN, Curtis J. Development of a quantitative measurement to assess the whitening effects of two different oxygenating agents on teeth in vivo . Compend Suppl. 1994: S631-4
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Forner L, Amengual J, Liena C, Riutord P. Therapeutic effectiveness of a new enzymatic bleaching dentifrice. Eur J Esthet Dent 2012; 7: 62-70
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Gopinath S, James V, Vidhya S, Karthikeyan K, Kavitha S, Mahalaxmi S. Effect of bleaching with two different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide containing sweet potato extract as an additive on human enamel: An in vitro spectrophotometric and scanning electron microscopy analysis. J Conserv Dent 2013; 16: 45-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Mondelli RF, Azevedo JF, Francisconi AC, Almeida CM, Ishikiriama SK. Comparative clinical study of the effectiveness of different dental bleaching methods-two year follow-up. J Appl Oral Sci 2012; 20: 435-43
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Al-Harbi A, Ardu S, Bortolotto T, Krejci I. Effect of extended application time on the efficacy of an in-office hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent: An in vitro study. Eur J Esthet Dent 2013; 8: 226-36
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Reis A, Tay LY, Herrera DR, Kossatz S, Loguercio AD. Clinical effects of prolonged application time of an in-office bleaching gel. Oper Dent 2011; 36: 590-6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Sulieman M, MacDonald E, Rees JS, Newcombe RG, Addy M. Tooth bleaching by different concentrations of carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide whitening strips: An in vitro study. J Esthet Restor Dent 2006; 18: 93-100
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Deliperi S, Bardwell DN, Papathanasiou A. Clinical evaluation of a combined in-office and take-home bleaching system. J Am Dent Assoc 2004; 135: 628-34
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Tay LY, Kose C, Herrera DR, Reis A, Loguercio AD. Long-term efficacy of in-office and at-home bleaching: A 2-year double-blind randomized clinical trial. Am J Dent 2012; 25: 199-204
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Dawson PF, Sharif MO, Smith AB, Brunton PA. A clinical study comparing the efficacy and sensitivity of home vs combined whitening. Oper Dent 2011; 36: 460-6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Sa Y, Chen D, Liu Y, Wen W, Xu M, Jiang T. et al. Effects of two in-office bleaching agents with different pH values on enamel surface structure and color: An in situ vs. in vitro study. J Dent 2012; 40 (Suppl. 01) e26-34
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Klukowska M, Götz H, White DJ, Zoladz J, Schwarz BO, Duschner H. Depth profile analysis of non-specific fluorescence and color of tooth tissues after peroxide bleaching. Am J Dent 2013; 26: 3-9
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Gokay O, Uguz O. Evaluation of effects of bleaching materials on surface hardness of a silorane based composite resin. J Aydin Univ Fac Dent 2008; 35: 107-15
    Google Scholar
  • 51 Marson F, Gonçalves R, Silva C, Cintra L, Pascotto R, Santos PD. et al. Penetration of Hydrogen Peroxide and Degradation Rate of Different Bleaching Products. Oper Dent 2014; 39: 563-70
    Google Scholar
  • 52 Guidelines for the acceptance of peroxide-containing oral hygiene products. American Dental Association Council on Dental Therapeutics. J Am Dent Assoc 1994; 125: 1140-2
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar