Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Eur J Dent 2015; 09(04): 580-586
DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.172632
Original Article
Dental Investigation Society

In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of toothpastes with natural compounds

Priscila de Camargo Smolarek
1   Department of Dentistry, Ponta Grossa State University, Paraná, Brazil
,
Luis Antonio Esmerino
2   Department of Clinical Analyses, Ponta Grossa State University, Paraná, Brazil
,
Ana Cláudia Chibinski
1   Department of Dentistry, Ponta Grossa State University, Paraná, Brazil
,
Marcelo Carlos Bortoluzzi
1   Department of Dentistry, Ponta Grossa State University, Paraná, Brazil
,
Elizabete Brasil dos Santos
1   Department of Dentistry, Ponta Grossa State University, Paraná, Brazil
,
Vitoldo Antonio Kozlowski Junior
1   Department of Dentistry, Ponta Grossa State University, Paraná, Brazil
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
23 September 2019 (online)

Also available at
  PDF Download Permissions and Reprints

ABSTRACT

Objectives: This in vitro study evaluated the antimicrobial effects of commercial toothpastes containing natural compounds. Materials and Methods: The study groups were divided based on the natural compound present in the toothpaste composition: Sorbitol (I), tocopherol (II), mint (III), cinnamon/mint (IV), propolis/melaleuca (V), mint/açai (VI), mint/guarana (VII), propolis (VIII), negative control (IX), and the positive control (X). The antimicrobial properties of the toothpastes were tested using the disk diffusion method against oral pathogens: Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis. The resulting inhibition halos were measured in millimeters. Results: The data indicated that the bacteria responded differently to the toothpastes (P < 0.0001). The diameters of the inhibition halos against S. mutans were in decreasing order of efficacy: Propolis/melaleuca > mint/guarana > mint/açai > sorbitol > tocopherol > cinnamon/mint > propolis > mint (P < 0.001 vs. negative control). E. faecalis showed variable responses to the dentifrices in the following order of decreasing efficacy: Mint/guarana > propolis > sorbitol > mint/açai > tocopherol > cinnamon/mint > mint = propolis/melaleuca = negative control. The product with the highest antimicrobial activity was mint/guarana, which was significantly different than propolis/melaleuca, mint, cinnamon/mint, and tocopherol and negative control (P < 0.001). The statistical analysis indicated that propolis, sorbitol, and mint/açai did not show any differences compared to mint/guarana (P > 0.05) and positive control (P > 0.05). P. aeruginosa was resistant to all dental gels tested including positive control. Conclusion: The toothpastes with natural compounds have therapeutic potential and need more detailed searches for the correct clinic therapeutic application. The results from this study revealed differences in the antimicrobial activities of commercial toothpastes with natural compounds.

Key words:

Antimicrobial activity - dental gels - dentifrices - natural products - toothpastes
 

  • REFERENCES

  • 1 Grisi MC, Silva DB, Alves RB, Gracindo LA, Vieira RF. Mint genotypes assessment (Mentha spp) under the conditions of the Federal District, Brazil. Braz J Med Plants 2006; 8: 33-9
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Deschamps C, Monteiro R, Machado MP, Scheer AP, Cocco L, Yamamoto C. Genotype evaluation of Mentha arvensis, Mentha X piperita, Mentha spp. for the production of menthol. Hortic Bras 2013; 31: 178-83
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Pannuti CM, Mattos JP, Ranoya PN, Jesus AM, Lotufo RF, Romito GA. Clinical effect of a herbal dentifrice on the control of plaque and gingivitis: A double-blind study. Pesqui Odontol Bras 2003; 17: 314-8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Lee SS, Zhang W, Li Y. The antimicrobial potential of 14 natural herbal dentifrices: Results of an in vitro diffusion method study. J Am Dent Assoc 2004; 135: 1133-41
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Nezzal A, Aerts L, Verspaille M, Henderickx G, Redl A. Polymorphism of sorbitol. J Cryst Growth 2009; 15: 3863-70
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Santana MF, Lima AK, Mourão M. Evaluation prospective açaí: Analysis through the orders of patents and references. Rev GEINTEC 2014; 4: 437-52
    Google Scholar
  • 7 Galotta AL, Boaventura MA, Lima LA. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of ‘Açaí’ (Euterpe precatoria Mart.). Quim Nova 2008; 31: 1427-30
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Iaderoza M, Baldini IS, Bovi ML. Anthocyanins from fruits of açaí (Euterpe oleracea, Mart.). Trop Sci 1992; 32: 41-6
    Google Scholar
  • 9 Kuskoski EM, Fett P, Asuero AG. Anthocyanins: Un group of naturales pigments: Isolation, identification and properties. Alimentaria 2002; 61: 61-74
    Google Scholar
  • 10 Alasalvar C, Al-Farsi M, Quantick PC, Shahidi F, Wiktorowicz R. Effect of chill storage and modified atmosphere packing (MAP) on antioxidant activity, anthocyanins, carotenoids, phenolics and sensory quality of ready-to-eat shredded orange and purple carrots. Food Chem 2005; 89: 69-76
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Yamaguti-Sasaki E, Ito LA, Canteli VC, Ushirobira TM, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias FilhoBP. et al. Antioxidant capacity and in vitro prevention of dental plaque formation by extracts and condensed tannins of Paullinia cupana . Molecules 2007; 12: 1950-63
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Nogueira MN, Correia MF, Fontana A, Bedran TB, Spolidorio DM. Comparative evaluation “in vivo” effectiveness of Melaleuca oil, chlorhexidine and Listerine on Streptococcus mutans and microorganisms in total saliva. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clin Integr 2013; 13: 343-9
    Google Scholar
  • 13 Siqueira AL, Dantas CG, Gomes MZ, Padilha FF, de Albuquerque Jr RL, Cardoso JC. Study of antibacterial action of propolis hydroalcoholic extract on Enterococcus faecalis . Rev Odontol UNESP 2014; 43: 359-66
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Granado LF, Olmedilla AB, Herrero BC, Blanco NI, Pérez SB, Blázquez GS. In vitro bioaccessbility of carotenoids and tocopherols from fruits and vegetable. Food Chem 2007; 102: 641-8
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Herrera DR, Tay LY, Rezende EC, Kozlowski Jr VA, Santos EB. In vitro antimicrobial activity of phytotherapic Uncaria tomentosa against endodontic pathogens. J Oral Sci 2010; 52: 473-6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Herrera DR, Tay LY, Kose Jr C, Andrade TM, Rezende EC, Kozlowski Jr VA. et al. Antibacterial effect of the association of calcium hydroxide with iodoform on Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Rev Estomatol Herediana 2008; 18: 5-8
    Google Scholar
  • 17 Santos EB, Slusarz PA, Kozlowski Jr VA, Schwartz JP. Antimicrobial effectiveness of natural products against microorganisms related to bacterial endocarditis. Publicatio UEPG Biol Health Sci 2007; 13: 67-72
    Google Scholar
  • 18 Fosquiera EC, Steffens JP, Reinke SM, Possagno RC, Kozlowski Jr VA, Rezende EC. et al. Effect of propolis on in vitro growth of microorganisms associated with periodontitis in HIV positive patients. Rev Periodontia 2008; 18: 77-82
    Google Scholar
  • 19 Vieira DR, Amaral FM, Maciel MC, Nascimento FR, Libério AS. Plants and chemical constituents used in dentistry: A review of ethnopharmacological studies and evaluation of the “in vitro” antimicrobial activity on oral pathogens. Braz J Med Plants 2014; 16: 135-67
    Google Scholar
  • 20 Mistry KS, Sanghvi Z, Parmar G, Shah S. The antimicrobial activity of Azadirachta indica, Mimusops elengi, Tinospora cardifolia, Ocimum sanctum and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate on common endodontic pathogens: An in vitro study. Eur J Dent 2014; 8: 172-7
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Ganavadiya R, Shekar BR, Goel P, Hongal SG, Jain M, Gupta R. Comparison of anti-plaque efficacy between a low and high cost dentifrice: A short term randomized double-blind trial. Eur J Dent 2014; 8: 381-8
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Veiga Jr VF, Pinto AC, Maciel MA. Medicinal plants: Safe cure?. Quim Nova 2005; 28: 519-28
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Nogueira MA, Diaz MG, Tagami PM, Lorscheide J. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and extracts of propolis against cariogenic bacteria. J Basic Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences 2007; 28: 93-7
    Google Scholar
  • 24 De Rossi A, Ferreira DC, da Silva RA, de Queiroz AM, da Silva LA, Nelson-Filho P. Antimicrobial activity of toothpastes containing natural extracts, chlorhexidine or triclosan. Braz Dent J 2014; 25: 186-90
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Almeida RB, Camaroto JL, Navarro DF, Park YK, Ikegaki M, Kozlowski Jr VA. Determination of total flavonoids in propolis samples. Publicatio UEPG Biol Health Sci 1997; 3: 33-41
    Google Scholar
  • 26 Ercan N, Erdemir EO, Ozkan SY, Hendek MK. The comparative effect of propolis in two different vehicles; mouthwash and chewing-gum on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. Eur J Dent 2015; 9: 272-6
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Thosar N, Basak S, Bahadure RN, Rajurkar M. Antimicrobial efficacy of five essential oils against oral pathogens: An in vitro study. Eur J Dent 2013; 7 (Suppl. 01) S71-7
    Google Scholar
  • 28 Oliveira AC, Fontana A, Negrini TC, Nogueira MN, Bedran TB, Andrade CR. et al. Employment Melaleuca alternifolia oil Cheel (Myrtaceae) in dentistry: Prospects for use as alternative antimicrobial infectious diseases of oral origin. Braz J Med Plants 2011; 13: 492-9
    Google Scholar
  • 29 Freire IC, Pérez AL, Cardoso AM, Mariz BA, Almeida LF, Cavalcanti YW. et al. Antibacterial activity of essential oils on Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus . Braz J Med Plants 2014; 16: 372-7
    Google Scholar
  • 30 Mokrosnop VM. Functions of tocopherols in the cells of plants and other photosynthetic organisms. Ukr Biochem J 2014; 86: 26-36
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Lienau A, Glaser T, Krucker M, Zeeb D, Ley F, Curro F. et al. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of tocopherols in toothpastes and gingival tissue employing HPLC NMR and HPLC MS coupling. Anal Chem 2002; 74: 5192-8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Green AK, Alcock J, Cox TF, Abraham PJ, Savage D, McGrady M. Delivery of Vitamin E acetate and sunflower oil to gums from fluoride toothpaste containing 0.1% Vitamin E acetate and 0.5% sunflower oil. Int Dent J 2007; 57: 124-8
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Scott AE, Alcock J, Carlile MJ, Griffiths HR. Metabolism of Vitamin E acetate by reconstituted human gingival and buccal epithelium. Int Dent J 2007; 57: 135-9
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Ramos RR. Sorbitol and Oral Biochemistry. Dissertation: Master of Dental Medicine; Faculty of Dental Medicine of the Porto University. Porto: 2014
    Google Scholar
  • 35 Hayes C. The effect of non-cariogenic sweeteners on the prevention of dental caries: A review of the evidence. J Dent Educ 2001; 65: 1106-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Petersson LG, Birkhed D, Gleerup A, Johansson M, Jönsson G. Caries-preventive effect of dentifrices containing various types and concentrations of fluorides and sugar alcohols. Caries Res 1991; 25: 74-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar