Somatosensory evoked potential monitoring

INTRODUCTION

The somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring is the electrophysiological response of the nervous system to sensory stimulation.[1] The peripheral mixed nerves are stimulated electrically, and the response is measured along the sensory pathway. SSEP reflects the functional integrity of the somatosensory pathways. They not only reflect specific sensory transmission but also serve as more general indicators of neurological function in adjacent structures.

• REFERENCES

• 1 Grundy BL. Monitoring of sensory evoked potentials during neurosurgical operations: Methods and applications. Neurosurgery 1982; 11: 556-75
• 2 Sloan TB, Jameson L, Janik D. Evoked potentials. In: Cottrell JE, Young WL. editors. Cottrell and Young's Neuroanesthesia. 5th ed.. Philadelphia: Mosby, Elsevier; 2010. p. 115-30
• 3 Liem L. Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring. Medscape; Available from: http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/1137763-overview [Last cited on 2015 Aug 02].
• 4 Kumar A, Bhattacharya A, Makhija N. Evoked potential monitoring in anaesthesia and analgesia. Anaesthesia 2000; 55: 225-41
• 5 Guideline Available from: https://www.acns.org/pdf/guidelines/Guideline-11B.pdf [Last cited on 2015 Aug 02].
• 6 Stecker MM. A review of intraoperative monitoring for spinal surgery. Surg Neurol Int 2012; 3 Suppl (Suppl. 03) S174-87
• 7 Nuwer MR, Dawson EG, Carlson LG, Kanim LE, Sherman JE. Somatosensory evoked potential spinal cord monitoring reduces neurologic deficits after scoliosis surgery: Results of a large multicenter survey. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1995; 96: 6-11
• 8 Mahla ME, Black S, Cucchiara RF. Neurologic monitoring. In: Miller RD. editor. Miller's Anesthesia. 6th ed.. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone; p. 1511-50
• 9 Sloan T. Anesthesia and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in children. Childs Nerv Syst 2010; 26: 227-35
• 10 Sloan TB, Heyer EJ. Anesthesia for intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring of the spinal cord. J Clin Neurophysiol 2002; 19: 430-43
• 11 Van Der Walt JJ, Thomas JM, Figaji AA. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring for the anaesthetist. Part 2: A review of anaesthesia and its implications for intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. S Afr J Anesth Analg 2013; 19: 197-202
• 12 Engler GL, Spielholz NJ, Bernhard WN, Danziger F, Merkin H, Wolff T. Somatosensory evoked potentials during Harrington instrumentation for scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1978; 60: 528-32
• 13 Spielholz NI, Benjamin MV, Engler GL, Ransohoff J. Somatosensory evoked potentials during decompression and stabilization of the spine. Methods and findings. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1979; 4: 500-5
• 14 Lueders H, Hahn J, Gurd A, Tsuji S, Dinner D, Lesser R. et al. Surgical monitoring of spinal cord function: Cauda equina stimulation technique. Neurosurgery 1982; 11: 482-5
• 15 Novak K, Oberndorfer S. Electrophysiology and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. In: Grisold W, Soffietti R. editors. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 3^rd Series Vol. 104 Elsevier; 2012
• 16 Min KT, Kim JH, Shin YS, Kwon SY, Nam YT. The monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials and neurologic complications in aneurysm surgery. Yonsei Med J 2001; 42: 227-32
• 17 Allen A, Starr A, Nudleman K. Assessment of sensory function in the operating room utilizing cerebral evoked potentials: A study of fifty-six surgically anesthetized patients. Clin Neurosurg 1981; 28: 457-81
• 18 Markand ON, Dilley RS, Moorthy SS, Warren Jr C. Monitoring of somatosensory evoked responses during carotid endarterectomy. Arch Neurol 1984; 41: 375-8
• 19 Keyhani K, Miller 3^rd CC, Estrera AL, Wegryn T, Sheinbaum R, Safi HJ. Analysis of motor and somatosensory evoked potentials during thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg 2009; 49: 36-41
• 20 Landi A, Copeland SA, Parry CB, Jones SJ. The role of somatosensory evoked potentials and nerve conduction studies in the surgical management of brachial plexus injuries. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1980; 62-B: 492-6
• 21 Jellish WS, Sherazee G, Patel J, Cunanan R, Steele J, Garibashvilli K. et al. Somatosensory evoked potentials help prevent positioning-related brachial plexus injury during skull base surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 149: 168-73
• 22 Kumar A, Tandon OP, Bhattacharya A, Gupta RK, Dhar D. Somatosensory evoked potential changes following electro-acupuncture therapy in chronic pain patients. Anaesthesia 1995; 50: 411-4
• 23 Amantini A, Carrai R, Lori S, Peris A, Amadori A, Pinto F. et al. Neurophysiological monitoring in adult and pediatric intensive care. Minerva Anestesiol 2012; 78: 1067-75
• 24 Manninen PH, Patterson S, Lam AM, Gelb AW, Nantau WE. Evoked potential monitoring during posterior fossa aneurysm surgery: A comparison of two modalities. Can J Anaesth 1994; 41: 92-7
• 25 Lam AM, Manninen PH, Ferguson GG, Nantau W. Monitoring electrophysiologic function during carotid endarterectomy: A comparison of somatosensory evoked potentials and conventional electroencephalogram. Anesthesiology 1991; 75: 15-21
• 26 Neuromonitoring Information Statement. Scoliosis Research Society; Available from: https://www.srs.org/about-srs/quality-and-safety/position-statements/neuromonitoring-information-statement [Last cited on 2015 Aug 02].