Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.5999/aps.2013.40.5.597
Forehead Augmentation with a Methyl Methacrylate Onlay Implant Using an Injection-Molding Technique
Background The forehead, which occupies about one third of the face, is one of the major determinants of a feminine or masculine look. Various methods have been used for the augmentation of the forehead using autologous fat grafts or alloplastic materials. Methylmethacrylate (MMA) is the most appropriate material for augmentation of the forehead, and we have used an injection-molding technique with MMA to achieve satisfactory results.
Methods Under local anesthesia with intravenous (IV) sedation, an incision was made on the scalp and a meticulous and delicate subperiosteal dissection was then performed. MMA monomers and polymers were mixed, the dough was injected into the space created, and manual molding was performed along with direct inspection. This surgery was indicated for patients who wanted to correct an unattractive appearance by forehead augmentation. Every patient in this study visited our clinics 3 months after surgery to evaluate the results. We judged the postoperative results in terms of re-operation rates caused by the dissatisfaction of the patients and complications.
Results During a 13-year period, 516 patients underwent forehead augmentation with MMA. With the injection-molding technique, the inner surface of the MMA implant is positioned close to the underlying frontal bone, which minimizes the gap between the implant and bone. The borders of the implant should be tapered sufficiently until no longer palpable or visible. Only 28 patients (5.4%) underwent a re-operation due to an undesirable postoperative appearance.
Conclusions The injection-molding technique using MMA is a simple, safe, and ideal method for the augmentation of the forehead.
This article was presented at the 4th World Congress of Minimally Invasive Plastic Surgery on September 1, 2012 in Seoul, Korea.
Publication History
Received: 20 March 2013
Accepted: 09 July 2013
Article published online:
01 May 2022
© 2013. The Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, permitting unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA
-
References
- 1 Altman K. Facial feminization surgery: current state of the art. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 41: 885-894
- 2 Blum KS, Schneider SJ, Rosenthal AD. Methyl methacrylate cranioplasty in children: long-term results. Pediatr Neurosurg 1997; 26: 33-35
- 3 Gosain AK, Persing JA. Biomaterials in the face: benefits and risks. J Craniofac Surg 1999; 10: 404-414
- 4 Gonzalez Ulloa M, Stevens E. Implants in the face; a review of our experience in the subcutaneous use of methylmethacrylate. Plast Reconstr Surg 1964; 33: 532-542
- 5 Seo JD, You YJ, Ko RY. et al. Forehead augmentation with methylmethacrylate. J Korean Soc Aesthetic Plast Surg 2001; 7: 135-139
- 6 Kang JH, Jung SW, Lee YH. et al. Contouring of forehead and temple area with auto-fat injection. J Korean Soc Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 38: 166-172
- 7 Kim CY, Lee KM, Hong SE. Forehead and temporal augmentation with medium porosity and high density ePTFE. J Korean Soc Aesthetic Plast Surg 2009; 15: 218-223
- 8 Park CS, Hyon WS, Park YJ. et al. Correction of facial depression using precisely-shaped silicone implants. J Korean Soc Plast Reconstr Surg 2000; 27: 87-91
- 9 Kim SB, Kim DW, Yoon ES. Facial fat injection: long-term follow-up results. J Korean Soc Aesthetic Plast Surg 2010; 16: 35-40
- 10 Moreira-Gonzalez A, Jackson IT, Miyawaki T. et al. Clinical outcome in cranioplasty: critical review in long-term followup. J Craniofac Surg 2003; 14: 144-153