Introduction
The outbreak of COVID-19 disease has spread from its original cluster in Hubei province, China [1 ]
[2 ] throughout the world, and has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization [3 ]. Europe is severely affected with an exponential increase in the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths [4 ]. It has been estimated that approximately 10 % of Health Care Professionals (HCP) have become COVID-19 positive in Western countries [5 ]
[6 ]. The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are varied, encompassing a broad spectrum from asymptomatic mild disease, to severe critical respiratory illness leading to respiratory failure, multiorgan failure and death [1 ]
[2 ]
[7 ]
[8 ]
[9 ]. Thus, high clinical suspicion and appropriate risk stratification of patients are needed.
HCP in endoscopy units are at increased risk of infection by COVID-19 from inhalation of airborne droplets, conjunctival contact, and potential fecal-oral transmission [2 ]
[10 ]. Peri-endoscopic aerosolized infections have been reported, making upper GI endoscopy a high-risk procedure [11 ]
[12 ]
[13 ]
[14 ]
[15 ]
[16 ]
[17 ]. In addition, live virus has been found in patient stool [10 ]
[18 ]
[19 ]
[20 ]. As a mechanism of entry, the angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptor, widely expressed in the intestinal tract [21 ], is likely used by the virus to enter human cells [2 ] making lower GI endoscopy procedures of uncertain risk status. Furthermore, infected HCP may transmit the infection to their colleagues, patients, families, and communities as hospital-based epidemics have been reported in European countries [22 ].
Infection prevention and control (IPC) has been shown to be dramatically effective in assuring the safety of both HCP and patients. This is not limited to the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), but is also based on a transparent and detailed IPC strategy, risk stratification of patients, correct use of PPE and interventions based on testing, separation and isolation of patients at high risk of COVID-19 [22 ]
[23 ]
[24 ]
[25 ].
Given the simultaneous COVID-19 outbreak in all European countries, a rational approach regarding limited resources is important [22 ]
[26 ]. Shortages do not only apply to PPE, but also to the availability of hospital infrastructure including HCP staff, availability of beds (including ICU beds), and medical equipment such as ventilators. On the other hand, the need to protect the patient population, especially patients at high risk of COVID-19 morbidity, has forced Endoscopy Units to postpone a disproportionate number of procedures, weighing case-by-case the benefit of endoscopy with the risk of COVID-19 infection. A clear and thoughtful policy regarding the timely rescheduling of these postponed endoscopy procedures will be required.
The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (www.esge.com ) and the European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (www.esgena.com ) have joined forces to provide guidance in order to assure the highest level of protection against COVID-19 for both patients and health care personnel. This position statement was first presented as an online statement March 18, 2020 (www.esge.com and www.esgena.com ) and is now updated.
This ESGE-ESGENA Position Statement will provide guidance on 4 main topics:
How to perform gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopies during the COVID-19 viral pandemic?
Which GI endoscopy procedures should always be done? Which should be postponed?
How to protect GI endoscopy unit personnel during the pandemic?
What knowledge is currently missing and what is needed in this evolving field?
Methods
A Pubmed/MEDLINE search was performed using ‘severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2’, ‘COVID-19’, ‘endoscopy, digestive system endoscopy’, ‘gastrointestinal endoscopic examination, therapy’ as MeSH terms. As our aim was to provide guidance rather than clinical recommendations, statements by international medical bodies such as the World Health Organization and the European and US Centers’ for Disease Prevention and Control were prioritized. Furthermore, the most recent guidance available to date issued by major gastroenterology societies was reviewed.
Guidance was grouped according to the three main phases of an endoscopic procedure, that is, pre-, intra- and post-procedure.
In order to define the proper timing of endoscopy according to clinical indication, between the 23rd and 25th of March 2020, the ESGE Governing Board addressed the main GI endoscopy procedures, assigning them to predefined priority stratification groups and thereby differentiating between procedures that can be systematically performed or postponed, and those that must be assessed on a case-by-case basis weighing the trade-offs of the medical indication / necessity with the COVID-19 risks. Endoscopic procedures were assigned to a group if an agreement/consensus of ≥ 75 % was reached. When agreement/consensus was not reached, the endoscopic procedure was recommended to be performed on a case-by-case basis.
All Governing Board members were also asked to vote on the level of priority for rescheduling postponed endoscopic procedures (high or low priority) and to assign every endoscopic procedure a proposed rescheduling time (in weeks).
Part I:How to perform gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopies during the COVID-19 viral pandemic
Part I:How to perform gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopies during the COVID-19 viral pandemic
General comments
The entire staff of the endoscopy unit must be appropriately trained and informed on the IPC strategy for COVID-19
[22 ]. This should include potential sources of contamination, hygiene measures, COVID-19 risk factors, correct use of PPE, and interventions, such as separation, isolation and testing, for high-risk or infected patients.
Health Care Professionals (HCP) in endoscopy units should be triaged daily : staff should assess themselves according to potential risk factors, symptoms and signs (daily measurement of temperature). Those considered to be at high-risk of COVID-19 should be isolated and tested.
COVID-19 can effectively be inactivated by commonly used disinfectants having virucidal activity (EN 14885). Reprocessing of flexible endoscopes and endoscopic accessories should be performed according to published guidelines [28 ]. Reuse of any disposable GI endoscopic device is strongly discouraged. During reprocessing, mucosal surfaces must be protected as recommended [28 ]. Additional precautions should be taken in the reprocessing of equipment, such as FFP2 /3 masks, after endoscopy in confirmed COVID-19 cases.
Each GI endoscopy unit should have a detailed plan for the cleaning and disinfecting of endoscopy procedure rooms [29 ]. Cleaning the endoscopy unit with virucidal agents is recommended as infection by contact is possible. This is mandatory after each case in patients at high-risk of or known infection with COVID-19 [29 ].
If feasible, online care should be provided (e. g. telemedicine). If this is to replace an outpatient clinic visit, audio and video transmission is preferred and formal documentation in the patient’s medical record should be performed.
Washing of hands with soap and warm water (for at least 20seconds) or use of alcohol-based hand rub, before and after all patient interactions, after contact with potentially infectious sources, and before and after gowning, should be done by all GI endoscopy unit personnel. Mobile phones, pens, computer workstations, and medical equipment should not be shared. Jewelry (watches, rings, bracelets) should not be worn by GI endoscopy unit HCP.
Pre-procedure Risk Management
Risk stratification of patients for possible COVID-19 infection should be done 1day prior to GI endoscopy (by phone preferably) and then again on the day of endoscopy [13 ]
[30 ]
[31 ] by questioning for symptoms and contacts; or if / when available through tests for virus infection or immunity ([Fig. 1 ]).
Please note that:
Given the current pandemic status of COVID-19 (April 2020), it may be reasonable according to the local situation, that all patients be considered at high-risk for COVID-19 infection and proper measures should be taken to protect HCP.
In the different phases of this pandemia, based on epidemiological factors, testing and potential immunity, patient risk stratification may be possible, converting previously high-risk patients to low-risk.
During patient assessment on the day of endoscopy, use of surgical masks is recommended for both the HCP and the patient and a distance of at least 1 – 2meters is recommended, as well as the use of a physical barrier, such as glass or face-shield, if possible. Before entering the GI endoscopy unit, temperature measurement should be performed on all patients.
Relatives and caregivers should not have access to the GI endoscopy unit. If it is exceptionally required, they should undergo the same risk assessment as the patient.
For patients who are considered at high risk for COVID-19, separate pre- and post-GI endoscopy recovery areas (or timeslots) should be arranged.
Whenever possible, all patients entering the GI endoscopy unit should wear respiratory protective equipment (facial mask).
Fig. 1 Decision pathway for GI endoscopic procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic. GI, gastrointestinal; PPE, personal protective equipment.
Intra-procedure risk management
During the current situation in most countries, only essential and fully trained endoscopy personnel should be present in endoscopy cases, all using a full set of PPE. Training programs should be adjusted during this phase, and the use of e-learning is to be encouraged.
According to the patient’s risk status, PPE should include gloves, hairnet, protective eyewear (goggles or face shield), waterproof gowns, booties/shoe covers, and respiratory protective equipment. High-filter respiratory masks (FFP2/3) and booties/shoe covers should be used for high-risk or infected cases [13 ]
[22 ]
[25 ] ([Table 2 ]). Putting on and taking off PPE must be performed as recommended [32 ] – see also ESGENA-Poster www.esgena.org . In situations of limited availability of masks/respiratory protective equipment, a protective face shield is a useful alternative tool. Prolonged use of face masks/respiratory protective equipment of up to 4 hours is acceptable.
Although different GI endoscopic procedures may have different levels of risk, for the sake of simplicity and safety we recommend the same personal protection measures for all procedures, both upper or lower GI endoscopies [25 ]
[33 ]
[34 ].
Whenever possible, in patients who are considered to be at high risk or who are known to be positive for the COVID-19 virus, GI endoscopy should be performed only if medically indicated and if available, in a negative-pressure room by experienced staff [29 ]. If the only negative-pressure rooms are located outside the endoscopy unit, it must be ensured that these rooms are properly equipped for performing any GI endoscopy procedure. If negative-pressure rooms are not available, endoscopy should be performed in a dedicated room with adequate ventilation. All the other a forementioned protective measures should be taken and the risk of postponing endoscopy versus the risk of COVID-19 infection should be considered.
For patients in intensive care units (ICUs), GI endoscopy should be performed bedside.
Table 1
Risk stratification for potential COVID-19 infection in patients requiring gastrointestinal endoscopy.
Low-risk patient
No symptoms (eg, cough, fever, shortness of breath or diarrhea)
AND
No history of contact with COVID positive individual
AND
No travel or residence in a location reporting community transmission of COVID-19 during previous 14 days
Negative testing for COVID 19 (with adequate accuracy and proper epidemiological setting)
High-risk patient
Presence of symptoms with adequate sensitivity (eg, cough, fever, shortness of breath or diarrhea)
OR
Travel or residence in a location reporting community transmission of COVID-19 during previous 14 days (eg, most European regions in April 2020)
OR
Contact with COVID-19 positive (or very likely to be positive) individual
Table 2
Health-professional personal protective equipment stratified by patient risk
Low-Risk Patient
High-risk or Positive patient
Surgical mask[1 ]
Respiratory PPE (FFP2/FFP3 mask)[2 ]
Gloves[3 ]
Two pairs of gloves[3 ]
Booties/shoe covers
Booties/shoe covers
Disposable hairnet
Disposable hairnet
Protective eyewear (goggles or disposable face shield)
Protective eyewear (goggles or disposable face shield)
Water-proof disposable gowns[4 ]
Water-proof disposable gowns[4 ]
1 DIN EN 14683:2019-6
2 DIN EN 149:2001-10
3 DIN EN 420/DIN EN 374
4 DIN EN 14126:2004-01
Post-procedure risk management
Consider tracing and contacting patients at 7 and 14 days to inquire about any new COVID-19 diagnosis, or development of COVID-19 symptoms.
Contaminated waste and endoscopic devices from patients at high risk of or with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 should be disposed of using the specific local regulations related to high-risk waste management.
Part II:Timing of endoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic according to medical indication
Part II:Timing of endoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic according to medical indication
1. GI endoscopy units should strongly consider temporarily postponing elective, non-urgent endoscopy procedures, based upon availability of local human resources and local policies that may depend on regional/national pandemic rules/regulations ([Fig. 1 ] and [Fig. 2 ])
Fig. 2 List of indications for endoscopic procedures according to rescheduling recommendations and priority.
2. The following list of GI endoscopy procedures should always be performed ([Fig. 2 ])
Acute upper/lower GI bleeding with hemodynamic instability
Capsule/enteroscopy for urgent/emergent bleeding
Anemia with hemodynamic instability
Foreign body in esophagus and/or high-risk foreign body in the stomach
Obstructive jaundice
Acute ascending cholangitis
3. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, the following list of GI endoscopy procedures should be postponed with no need to reschedule before 12 weeks (low priority) ([Fig. 2 ])
Surveillance for:
Barrett’s Esophagus without dysplasia or Low-Grade Dysplasia or after endoscopic treatment
Gastric atrophy/Intestinal Metaplasia
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Post-endoscopic resection (including immediate endoscopy after resection), surgical resection of cancer or post-polypectomy surveillance
Diagnosis/surveillance of Lynch syndrome and other hereditary syndromes
Diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome-like symptoms
Diagnosis of reflux disease, dyspepsia (no alarm symptoms)
Screening in high risk patients for esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer (primary screening endoscopy) or pancreatic cancer
Bariatric GI endoscopy procedures (e. g., intra-gastric balloons, endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty)
4. Each of the following GI endoscopy procedures warrant a case-by-case evaluation based upon medical necessity ([Fig. 2 ]). In general, therapeutic endoscopic procedures or those affecting prognosis (and whenever further therapies can be assured), namely those that are cancer-related or severely symptomatic, should be ranked as “high-priority” (either to be performed immediately or postponed within 12 weeks). All others “low priority” may be either performed immediately or post-poned to beyond 12 weeks on a case-by-case assessment.
High-priority endoscopy procedures
Endoscopic treatment of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or early intra-mucosal cancer in the esophagus, stomach, or large colonic polyps at high-risk of submucosal invasion
Malignant stricture stenting
PEG/PEJ/NJ tube
Upper GI fistula/leakage
Dysphagia or dyspepsia with alarm symptoms present
Upper GI bleeding without hemodynamic instability
Rectal bleeding
Colonoscopy for melena after negative upper-GI endoscopy
Severe anemia with no hemodynamic instability
Tissue acquisition needed for the initiation of systemic therapy/surgery
Colonoscopy within organized FOBT + CRC screening programme
Foreign body in the stomach, low-risk
Benign stricture requiring dilation/stenting
Radiologic evidence of mass
Lymph node EUS sampling
Gallstone-related pancreatitis
Pancreatic mass/stricture
Biliary stricture dilation
Pancreatico-biliary stent replacement for non-urgent indication
Necrosectomy
Low-priority endoscopy procedures
Endoscopic treatment of esophageal or gastric low-grade dysplasia (LGD)
Duodenal polyp
Ampullectomy
Band ligation/non-emergency
Iron deficiency anemia
Pancreatic cyst (depending on risk features)
Biliary stricture/no urgency (no cholangitis, no jaundice, etc.)
Submucosal lesion EUS sampling
Achalasia (POEM, balloon dilitation)
gFOBT/FIT + (outside of an organized regional/national screening program)
Conclusion
The COVID-19 pandemic is having a disruptive effect on the workflow and safety of GI-endoscopy units worldwide. Most GI endoscopy units in Europe are having to manage the current situation with shortages of personnel and PPEs, substantial reductions in the volume of screening endoscopy procedures, enormous pressures on prioritizing endoscopic procedures, and postponing many procedures without knowing exactly when patients will be rescheduled.
GI endoscopy units should consider this ESGE position statement against local rules and recommendations. Also, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, individual clinical judgment and local resources may lead to alternative perspectives in regard to which procedures/patients are to be prioritized and when to resume a more regular endoscopy procedure schedule. It should be noted that 54 % of survey respondents reported that the decision to postpone GI endoscopy procedures was related to lack of PPE. This must command our community’s full attention for future outbreaks or similar emergent medical situations.
We also believe that further research is urgently needed in order to clarify the overall burden of COVID-19 on our GI endoscopy units but also in relation to how to effectively run endoscopic units during and after this pandemic ([Table 3 ]).
Table 3
Suggested Research Agenda
Infection and workflow/unit/staff
How did COVID-19 affect fellows’ training, education, and research (meeting, e-learning, CME credits, collaborations, etc.)?
Procedural protection
Rescheduling and disease risk
