Interdisziplinäre Empfehlungen zur Behandlung des fortgeschrittenen Nierenzellkarzinoms^[*]

Zusammenfassung

Die Prognose von Patienten mit metastasiertem Nierenzellkarzinom (mRCC) hat sich dank neuer Therapien deutlich verbessert. Überlebenszeiten von mehr als zweieinhalb Jahren sind realistisch. Immuntherapiekombinationen mit Checkpoint-Inhibitoren (CPI) oder dem Tyrosinkinaseinhibitor Axitinib sind neue Standards in der Erstlinientherapie und haben die Monotherapie mit Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitoren weitgehend verdrängt.

Für die Erstlinientherapie des mRCC sind Ipilimumab + Nivolumab (intermediäres und hoges Risiko) und Pembrolizumab + Axitinib sowie Avelumab + Axitinib für alle Risikogruppen zugelassen. Darüber hinaus stehen Sunitinib, Pazopanib, Tivozanib, Cabozantinib (intermediäres und hohes Risiko), die Kombination Bevacizumab + Interferon-alpha sowie Temsirolimus (hohes Risiko) zur Verfügung.

Sunitinib und Pazopanib haben eine Zulassung auch für die Zweitlinientherapie – bei Pazopanib gilt diese für den Einsatz nach Zytokinen. Für Nivolumab und Cabozantinib wurde in der Zweitlinientherapie ein signifikanter Überlebensvorteil gegenüber Everolimus gezeigt. Die Kombination Lenvatinib + Everolimus sowie Axitinib sind weitere für die Zweitlinie zugelassene Substanzen. Everolimus als Monotherapie ist durch die neuen Optionen in der Zweitlinie abgelöst worden.

Die Frage nach der optimalen Sequenztherapie muss aufgrund des Einzugs von CPI in die Erstlinie neu diskutiert werden, da die meisten Optionen nach Versagen einer VEGF-gerichteten TKI-Therapie geprüft wurden. Solange hierzu keine validen Studien oder Biomarker vorliegen, müssen andere Kriterien für die Therapieentscheidung herangezogen werden.

Ziel eines interdisziplinären RCC-Expertengesprächs war es, gemeinsame Therapieempfehlungen auf Basis der aktuell publizierten Daten und der eigenen klinischen Erfahrung für den Praxisalltag abzuleiten. Die Ergebnisse werden in dieser Publikation vorgestellt.

Abstract

Due to novel therapies, the prognosis of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has improved. A median overall survival of more than two years is a realistic goal. Immunotherapy combinations with checkpoint inhibitors or checkpoint inhibitors and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor axitinib are new first-line options.

Sunitinib, pazopanib, tivozanib and the combination of bevacizumab + interferon alpha are approved for first-line therapy regardless of the progression risk score. The use of both the combination of nivolumab + ipilimumab and cabozantinib is restricted to intermediate and high-risk patients. In this subgroup, the immunotherapy combination was more effective in terms of overall survival compared with sunitinib. Temsirolimus is only approved for high-risk patients.

Sunitinib and pazopanib can also be applied as second-line options – for pazopanib the use is restricted to the event of cytokine failure. Nivolumab and cabozantinib demonstrated superior overall survival compared with everolimus. Furthermore, the combination of lenvatinib + everolimus and axitinib are approved treatment options in the second-line and further settings. Everolimus has been replaced in the second-line setting by these new options.

The question regarding the optimal sequence is still unanswered.

The purpose of an interdisciplinary expert meeting was to debate which criteria should influence treatment. The members discussed several aspects of treating patients with advanced or metastatic RCC. As in previous years, the experts intended to provide recommendations for clinical practice. The results are presented in this publication.

Schlüsselwörter

Nierenzellkarzinom - Nephrektomie - Metastasen - Medikamentöse Therapie - Immuntherapie

Keywords

renal cell cancer - metastases - medical treatment - immunotherapy - nephrectomy

^* Dieser Beitrag wurde erstellt in Zusammenarbeit mit Anne Krampe-Scheidler, Berlin (Medical Writing).

Publication History

Article published online:
07 October 2020

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