Introduction
The prevalence of risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE; pulmonary embolism
[PE] and deep vein thrombosis [DVT]) and the number of VTE diagnoses have increased
in Japan in recent decades.[1] Direct oral anticoagulants, including edoxaban, rivaroxaban, and apixaban, became
available for the treatment and prevention of recurrence of VTE in Japan in 2014 and
2015.[2] There have since been changes in the practice pattern for VTE treatment, with increasing
proportions of hospitalized patients who were anticoagulated at discharge after having
received direct oral anticoagulants, and decreasing proportions of these patients
after receiving warfarin, according to a Japanese claims database study.[2]
Rivaroxaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor, is suitable for the single-drug
treatment of patients with PE or DVT.[3]
[4] The efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban have been evaluated in several phase 3 trials
of patients with VTE ([Table 1]).[5]
[6]
[7]
[8] In the large, international EINSTEIN-PE and EINSTEIN-DVT trials (N = 8,282), a single-drug approach with rivaroxaban had similar efficacy to standard
therapy (enoxaparin and warfarin or acenocoumarol) and was associated with a significantly
lower rate of major bleeding in patients with symptomatic VTE.[8] The safety and effectiveness of rivaroxaban in routine clinical practice were then
assessed in large, international registries ([Table 1]).[9]
[10] Pharmacokinetic analyses had shown the exposure of rivaroxaban 15 mg administered
to Japanese patients is similar to that of 20 mg to non-Japanese patients.[11]
[12] Moreover, target prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (PT-INR) of warfarin
for VTE patients is lower in Japan (i.e., PT-INR 1.5 to 2.5 in Japan; 2.0 to 3.0 in
western countries).[13] For these reasons, the smaller J-EINSTEIN-PE and J-EINSTEIN-DVT program (n = 100) was performed, in which 15 or 10 mg twice daily followed by 15 mg once daily
(10 mg twice daily was used only in J-EINSTEIN-DVT) were compared with Japanese standard
therapy (unfractionated heparin followed by warfarin) in Japanese patients with symptomatic
VTE.[5] The composite of symptomatic VTE events or asymptomatic deterioration occurred in
one patient (1.3%) receiving rivaroxaban and in one patient (5.3%) receiving unfractionated
heparin/warfarin (absolute risk reduction, 4.0% [95% confidence interval (CI): –2.9,
24.0]), and there was no major bleeding during study treatment.[5] Overall, the findings were consistent with those from the international EINSTEIN-PE
and EINSTEIN-DVT program.[5] However, data regarding the effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban in unselected
patients with PE and/or DVT in routine clinical practice in Japan remain limited.
Table 1
XASSENT and phase 3 trials/clinical registries that evaluated rivaroxaban for the
treatment of acute VTE globally and in Japan
|
Study
|
Design
|
Number of patients in rivaroxaban treatment
|
Patients/settings
|
Reference
|
|
EINSTEIN-PE and EINSTEIN-DVT
|
Open-label, randomized studies
|
2,419 patients with PE ± DVT; 1,731 patients with DVT[a]
|
Global phase 3 trials to evaluate efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban for symptomatic
VTE compared with enoxaparin followed by a vitamin K antagonist (warfarin or acenocoumarol)
Patients with acute, symptomatic, objectively confirmed PE and/or proximal DVT in
314 sites in 38 countries excluding Japan
The mean duration of rivaroxaban treatment was 207.6 days
|
[6]
[7]
[8]
|
|
J-EINSTEIN-PE and J-EINSTEIN-DVT
|
Open-label, randomized studies
|
30 patients with PE ± DVT; 48 patients with DVT[a]
|
Japanese phase 3 trials to evaluate efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban for symptomatic
VTE compared with unfractionated heparin followed by warfarin
Patients with acute, symptomatic, objectively confirmed PE and/or proximal DVT in
39 sites in Japan
The mean duration of rivaroxaban treatment was 195 days
|
[5]
|
|
XALIA
|
A prospective, non-interventional, observational study
|
220 patients with PE + DVT; 2,399 patients with DVT[b]
|
A study to assess the safety and effectiveness of rivaroxaban for the treatment of
symptomatic DVT in routine clinical practice compared with standard anticoagulation
therapy, which met a regulatory request during the assessment procedure for marketing
authorization from the EMA
Patients with objectively confirmed diagnosis of DVT and an indication to receive
≥3 months' anticoagulation treatment (patients with isolated PE were not eligible)
in 21 countries (Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Moldova, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the UK)
The median duration of rivaroxaban treatment was 181 days. The median duration of
follow-up was 239 days
|
[9]
|
|
XALIA-LEA
|
A prospective, non-interventional, observational study
|
403 patients with PE ± DVT, 882 patients with DVT[b]
|
XALIA-LEA included patients from regions different from XALIA (Indonesia, Malaysia,
the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Russia, Ukraine, Jordan, Kazakhstan,
Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, and Mexico)
Patients with objectively confirmed DVT and/or PE and an indication to receive ≥3
months anticoagulation treatment.
The median duration of rivaroxaban treatment was 184 days. The median duration of
follow-up was 215 days.
|
[10]
|
|
J'xactly Study
|
A prospective, non-interventional, observational study
|
419 patients with PE ± DVT; 597 patients with DVT[a]
|
A study to assess the effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban in Japanese patients
with VTE in a real-world setting
Patients with acute symptomatic/asymptomatic DVT or PE ± DVT and prescribed rivaroxaban
for the treatment and prevention of VTE in 152 sites in Japan
The median duration of follow-up was 21.3 months
|
[16]
|
|
XASSENT
|
A prospective, non-interventional, observational study
|
1,139 (991[c]) patients with PE ± DVT; 1,159 (953[c]) patients with DVT[b]
(June 2020)
|
A study to assess the safety and effectiveness of rivaroxaban in patients with VTE
in routine clinical use in Japan as post-marketing surveillance
Patients who were newly starting rivaroxaban for DVT or PE ± DVT (not restricted to
symptomatic VTE) in 357 sites across Japan
A standard observation period of 1 year and will follow patients for up to 2 years
|
NA
|
Abbreviations: DVT, deep vein thrombosis; EMA, European Medicines Agency; NA, not
applicable; PE, pulmonary embolism; VTE, venous thromboembolism.
a Patients in the intention-to-treat population.
b Patients in the safety analysis.
c Patients who were prescribed rivaroxaban for initial treatment.
The Xarelto Post-Authorization Safety and Effectiveness Study in Japanese patients
with Pulmonary Embolism and/or Deep Vein Thrombosis (XASSENT) is a prospective observational
study that will evaluate rivaroxaban in patients with VTE in real-world Japanese clinical
practice. This article describes the design of XASSENT and provides baseline data
for the study population as of June 2020.
Methods
Study Design, Objective, and Setting
XASSENT is an open-label, single-arm, prospective, non-interventional, observational
cohort study in patients for whom rivaroxaban treatment for VTE (PE and/or DVT) has
been selected (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02558465). Its objective is to assess
the safety and effectiveness of rivaroxaban for patients with PE and/or DVT in routine
clinical use. The study, which is being conducted at multiple medical institutions
in Japan, was approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW)
as a post-marketing surveillance and is being performed in accordance with Good Post-marketing
Study Practice standards provided by the MHLW. Separate ethics approval for this post-marketing
surveillance study and written informed consent to participate in the surveillance
were not required under Japanese regulations, but were obtained when required by a
participating center.
The first participant was enrolled in November 2015, after the approval of rivaroxaban
for the treatment and prevention of recurrence of VTE in Japan (September 2015), and
enrolment continued until March 2018. XASSENT includes a standard observation period
of 1 year and will then follow patients for up to 1 year, with data collection taking
place at baseline and 1 month, 3 months, 1 year and 2 years after the initiation of
rivaroxaban ([Fig. 1]). The surveillance is expected to complete on 31 March 2021.
Fig. 1 Design of XASSENT. DVT, deep vein thrombosis; PE, pulmonary embolism.
Participants
Consecutive patients who were newly starting rivaroxaban for the treatment and prevention
of recurrence of PE/DVT (the index PE/DVT event) were registered for the study by
investigators who prescribe rivaroxaban routinely. The diagnosis of PE/DVT was left
to attending physicians. The recommendations for PE/DVT diagnosis methods were provided
in guidelines by the Japanese Circulation Society Joint Working Group.[13] Details of diagnosis (such as diagnosis type [DVT only, DVT with PE, PE only], diagnostic
method, symptoms, site of occurrence [iliac, femoral, upper extremity etc.]) were
recorded on case report forms. The investigator was to have made the choice of treatment
(rivaroxaban), in line with the Japanese product label,[3] before enrolling the patient.
Treatment
In Japan, rivaroxaban is approved for the treatment and prevention of recurrence of
VTE at a dose of 15 mg twice daily (30 mg daily) for the first 21 days followed by
15 mg once daily.[3] The medication is administered orally after meals. No study drug will be provided
by the sponsor. If the investigator determines that rivaroxaban treatment should be
discontinued or that the patient has been lost to follow-up, surveillance of the patient
will be terminated. In case that rivaroxaban is discontinued, post-treatment status
and adverse events (only the occurrence of bleeding events and fatal adverse events
during follow-up observation period), and PE/DVT recurrence will be recorded for 3
months after rivaroxaban discontinuation, if feasible.
Variables
Details of the variables assessed during the study are presented in [Table 2]. These variables are reported by attending physicians using case report forms at
enrolment and at 1 month, 3 months, 1 year and 2 years after rivaroxaban initiation.
Bleeding and recurrent PE/DVT are adjudicated by attending physicians. The primary
safety variable is major bleeding, defined in accordance with International Society
on Thrombosis and Haemostasis criteria.[8] Specifically, major bleeding is defined as clinically overt bleeding associated
with any of the following: a fatal bleeding; bleeding in a critical area or organ
(e.g., intracranial, intraspinal, intraocular, pericardial, intra-articular, retroperitoneal,
or intramuscular with compartment syndrome); ≥2 g/dL reduction in haemoglobin level;
or transfusion of ≥2 units of whole blood or packed red blood cells.[14] The primary effectiveness variable is symptomatic recurrent VTE (a composite of
non-fatal or fatal PE or DVT). The diagnosis of recurrent PE/DVT is left to attending
physicians, and the details of the diagnosis are recorded on case report forms.
Table 2
Variables assessed during XASSENT
|
Variable
|
Information about assessments undertaken
|
|
Primary outcome variables
|
|
Major bleeding
|
• Defined in accordance with ISTH criteria[14]
|
|
Symptomatic recurrent VTE
|
• Composite of non-fatal or fatal PE or DVT
|
|
Secondary outcome variables
|
|
All-cause mortality
|
–
|
|
Vascular events
|
• Acute coronary syndrome, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, or systemic
embolism
|
|
Clinically relevant non-major bleeding
|
• Defined as overt bleeding not meeting the ISTH criteria for major bleeding,[14] but requiring medical intervention, an unscheduled visit or telephone call, or interruption/discontinuation
of rivaroxaban, or resulting in unpleasant symptoms (e.g., pain) and/or interference
with daily life
|
|
Minor bleeding
|
• Defined as overt bleeding not meeting the definition of major or clinically relevant
non-major bleeding
|
|
Asymptomatic deterioration of thrombotic burden by the end of the standard observation
period
|
• Recorded if detected based on D-dimer levels, imaging test such as CT or CCUS
|
|
Distal and/or proximal DVT treatment outcomes
|
• Comparison between distal and proximal DVT outcomes
|
|
Other AEs/adverse drug reactions
|
• An AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a patient administered a medicinal
product and which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment.
The term also covers laboratory findings or results of other diagnostic procedures
that are considered to be clinically relevant
• An AE is considered as treatment emergent when it starts on or after the day of
the first dose of study medication
• An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is defined as a response to a medicinal product
which is noxious and unintended (any AE judged as having a reasonable suspected causal
relationship to study medication)
• All AEs will be documented. For each AE, the investigator will assess and document
the seriousness, duration, relationship to rivaroxaban treatment, action taken, and
outcome of the event
• As a post-marketing surveillance, both the investigator and the sponsor judge whether
each AE is a serious adverse event (SAE), such as an AE resulting in death or life-threating
AE, and whether the AE has a causal relationship to study medication. If either the
investigator or the sponsor judges it to be SAE or to have a reasonable suspected
causal relationship, the AE is classified as SAE or ADR.
|
|
Patient characteristics
|
|
Demographics
|
• Date of birth or age, sex (and whether pregnant if female), blood type, inpatient/outpatient,
height, weight, smoking history, alcohol use history, history of risk factors for
PE/DVT
|
|
History of VTE
|
• Diagnosis of PE/DVT before the index PE/DVT event, date of diagnosis
|
|
Comorbidities and prior treatment
|
• Past medical, surgical, and interventional history (including history of hypersensitivity,
renal disease [creatinine clearance, disease name], liver disease [Child-Pugh classification,
disease name], cardiovascular disease, lung disease, diseases or conditions with high
bleeding risk, and other comorbidities; prior treatment for the index VTE event)
|
|
VTE diagnoses and subtypes
|
|
VTE diagnosis
|
• Diagnosis type (DVT only, DVT with PE, PE only), diagnostic method, symptoms, site
of occurrence (iliac, femoral, upper extremity etc.)
|
|
Classification of clinical severity of PE
|
• Categories used: cardiac arrest/collapse, massive, sub-massive, non-massive, unknown
|
|
Rivaroxaban use
|
|
Rivaroxaban exposure/treatment
|
• Purpose of the treatment (initial/maintenance treatment), daily dose, start date,
reason for selecting non-recommended dose (i.e., a dose other than the approved dose),
dose change status, medication adherence, reason for treatment interruption/discontinuation
(if relevant), stop date
|
|
Concomitant therapies
|
|
Concomitant medication
|
• Name of concomitant medication, route of administration, reason for administration,
daily dose, start date, stop date (if relevant)
|
|
Adjunct therapy for target disease other than medication
|
• Therapy and treatment date
|
|
Vital signs and laboratory findings
|
|
Vital signs and laboratory findings
|
• Recorded if performed as part of routine care
• Blood pressure, pulse rate, oxygen saturation, body weight, leukocyte count, haemoglobin
level, haematocrit value, platelet count, creatinine, creatinine clearance, total
bilirubin, AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, albumin, D-dimer, soluble fibrin, prothrombin concentration
(activity), PT, PT-INR, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen
|
|
Abnormal clinical laboratory findings associated with an AE
|
• Laboratory test name (e.g., D-dimer, CT, CCUS), date of measure, variables
|
|
Visits
|
• Date of visit
|
Abbreviations: AE, adverse event; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase;
AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CCUS, complete compression ultrasound; CT, computed
tomography; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; INR, international normalized ratio; ISTH,
International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PE,
pulmonary embolism; PT, prothrombin time; VTE, venous thromboembolism.
Secondary safety variables include all-cause mortality; vascular events (acute coronary
syndrome, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, or systemic embolism); clinically
relevant non-major bleeding[8]; and all other adverse events/adverse drug reactions. Secondary effectiveness variables
include asymptomatic deterioration of thrombotic burden (D-dimer levels, or imaging
test such as computed tomography or complete compression ultrasound) by the end of
the standard observation period and distal and/or proximal DVT treatment outcomes.
Bleeding is an event of special interest and will be assessed according to the following
categories: major bleeding; clinically relevant non-major bleeding; and minor bleeding.
Clinically relevant non-major bleeding is defined as overt bleeding not meeting the
criteria for major bleeding,[14] but requiring medical intervention, an unscheduled visit or telephone call, or interruption/discontinuation
of rivaroxaban, or resulting in unpleasant symptoms (e.g., pain) and/or interference
with daily life. Minor bleeding is defined as overt bleeding not meeting the definition
of major or clinically relevant non-major bleeding.
Other data that will be collected relate to patient characteristics, VTE diagnoses
and subtypes, comorbidities, rivaroxaban use, and concomitant therapies ([Table 2]).
Historic data (demographic and clinical characteristics) will be collected from the
patient's medical records, if available, or by interviewing the patient. If non-recommended
dose (i.e., dose other than 30 mg/day for initial treatment and 15 mg/day for maintenance
treatments) is selected when initiating rivaroxaban, the reason is recorded on the
case report form at 1 month after the initiation of rivaroxaban. All other data required
for this study will be collected during routine visits. The end of the standard observation
period is 1 year after the start of rivaroxaban treatment, or earlier if rivaroxaban
treatment is discontinued, or if the patient discontinues the study (e.g., is withdrawn,
lost to follow-up, or dies).
The investigators will use an electronic data capture system to record data from each
patient and enter these into a centralized database.
Statistical Methods
The sample size was determined taking feasibility into account. According to the MHLW
2013 study group data, ∼40,000 patients are estimated to develop VTE (PE or DVT) in
Japan each year, with patients with PE accounting for ∼40% of a Japanese population
with VTE and patients with DVT accounting for the remaining ∼60%.[15] Based on the estimated recruitment rate of sites with an enrolment period of 2.5
years, the sample size was set to ≥1,250. Hemorrhage was the only important identified
risk associated with rivaroxaban in the core risk management plan. Based on phase
3 studies,[5] the expected incidence of any bleeding events was 32.5%. Given these assumptions,
among a sample of 1,250 patients, 406 patients would be expected to experience bleeding
events during the study, which allows the capture of any bleeding events with a 95%
CI of ± 2.6%. The safety analysis set will include all patients who received at least
one dose of rivaroxaban and attended at least one study visit. The effectiveness analysis
set will include patients who had PE/DVT diagnosis and were naïve to rivaroxaban at
baseline in the safety analysis set.
Data from XASSENT will be analyzed by an independent data center. Statistical analyses
are planned to be exploratory and descriptive. Data will be summarized using descriptive
statistics (e.g., mean with standard deviation or median with range/interquartile
range for continuous variables; frequency for categorical variables). Adverse events
will be summarized using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities coding system.
The number of patients with missing data will be presented as a separate category.
All statistical analyses will be performed using SAS version 9.4 or higher (SAS Institute
Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
For variables of interest, including the primary outcome variables, raw incidence
proportion (patients with events/number of treated patients) and incidence rate (patients
with events/100 patient-years) will be estimated, together with corresponding 95%
CIs. Time-to-event and multivariate analyses are also planned. In addition, all analyses
will be repeated with respect to relevant risk factors and Kaplan–Meier plots will
show the time course up to the first event of interest.
Subgroup analyses will be conducted according to age, body weight, renal function,
risk factors for VTE (including active cancer [type of cancer, metastasis, chemotherapy]),
VTE subtype (PE and/or DVT, clinical severity of PE, symptoms, site/status of the
thrombus), purpose of rivaroxaban administration (initial or maintenance treatment),
rivaroxaban dose, treatment period (initial treatment, maintenance treatment, after
discontinuation), and concomitant therapy.
Results
Here we report demographics and baseline characteristics for the overall XASSENT population
and by purpose of rivaroxaban administration (initial or maintenance treatment) (each
as of June 2020). The rivaroxaban doses selected are also presented, together with
reasons for choosing a dose other than the approved dose.
XASSENT enrolled 2,540 patients between November 2015 and March 2018 ([Fig. 2]). Patients were enrolled in 357 sites across Japan: 52.4% of the patients were enrolled
from study sites with ≥400 beds, 32.8% from sites with 200–399 beds, 13.2% from sites
with 20–199 beds, and 1.7% from sites with <20 beds. Baseline patient demographics
and clinical characteristics as of June 2020 (n = 2,299) are shown in [Table 3].
Fig. 2 Patient flow diagram. DVT, deep vein thrombosis; PE, pulmonary embolism. aPatients who were prescribed rivaroxaban for initial treatment. bPatients who were prescribed rivaroxaban for maintenance treatment (e.g., switching
from other anticoagulants, etc.).
Table 3
Demographics and clinical characteristics of XASSENT participants at baseline
|
Characteristic
|
Purpose of rivaroxaban administration
|
Total (n = 2,299)
|
|
Initial treatment (n = 1,945)
|
Maintenance treatment (n = 354)
|
|
Age, years
|
66.5 ± 15.2
|
67.6 ± 14.0
|
66.7 ± 15.0
|
|
Age category, years
|
|
< 65
|
697 (35.8)
|
122 (34.5)
|
819 (35.6)
|
|
65 to <75
|
572 (29.4)
|
98 (27.7)
|
670 (29.1)
|
|
≥75
|
676 (34.8)
|
134 (37.9)
|
810 (35.2)
|
|
Female
|
1,115 (57.3)
|
223 (63.0)
|
1,338 (58.2)
|
|
Body weight, kg
|
61.3 ± 13.9
|
58.7 ± 13.7
|
60.9 ± 13.9
|
|
Body weight category, kg
|
|
|
|
|
> 50
|
1,459 (75.0)
|
252 (71.2)
|
1,711 (74.4)
|
|
≤50
|
418 (21.5)
|
90 (25.4)
|
508 (22.1)
|
|
Unknown
|
68 (3.5)
|
12 (3.4)
|
80 (3.5)
|
|
BMI[a]
|
24.0 ± 4.2
|
23.5 ± 4.4
|
24.0 ± 4.2
|
|
Creatinine clearance, mL/min
|
83.8 ± 37.1
|
79.0 ± 35.1
|
83.0 ± 36.8
|
|
Creatinine clearance category, mL/min
|
|
< 30
|
9 (0.5)
|
2 (0.6)
|
11 (0.5)
|
|
30 to <50
|
273 (14.0)
|
60 (16.9)
|
333 (14.5)
|
|
50 to <80
|
738 (37.9)
|
141 (39.8)
|
879 (38.2)
|
|
≥80
|
851 (43.8)
|
137 (38.7)
|
988 (43.0)
|
|
Unknown
|
74 (3.8)
|
14 (4.0)
|
88 (3.8)
|
|
Inpatients
|
1,417 (72.9)
|
156 (44.1)
|
1,573 (68.4)
|
|
Outpatients
|
528 (27.1)
|
198 (55.9)
|
726 (31.6)
|
|
VTE diagnosis
|
|
DVT only
|
953 (49.0)
|
206 (58.2)
|
1,159 (50.4)
|
|
Isolated distal DVT
|
323 (16.6)
|
65 (18.4)
|
388 (16.9)
|
|
DVT other than isolated distal
|
611 (31.4)
|
111 (31.4)
|
722 (31.4)
|
|
Unidentifiable
|
0 (0.0)
|
3 (0.8)
|
3 (0.1)
|
|
Unknown
|
19 (1.0)
|
27 (7.6)
|
46 (2.0)
|
|
PE only
|
150 (7.7)
|
38 (10.7)
|
188 (8.2)
|
|
PE with DVT
|
841 (43.2)
|
110 (31.1)
|
951 (41.4)
|
|
Clinical severity of PE
|
|
|
|
|
Cardiac arrest/collapse
|
9 (0.5)
|
5 (1.4)
|
14 (0.6)
|
|
Massive
|
59 (3.0)
|
7 (2.0)
|
66 (2.9)
|
|
Sub-massive
|
306 (15.7)
|
37 (10.5)
|
343 (14.9)
|
|
Non-massive
|
586 (30.1)
|
76 (21.5)
|
662 (28.8)
|
|
Unknown
|
31 (1.6)
|
23 (6.5)
|
54 (2.3)
|
|
Other
|
1 (0.1)
|
0 (0.0)
|
1 (<0.1)
|
|
VTE symptoms
|
|
Symptomatic PE/DVT
|
1,551 (79.7)
|
221 (62.4)
|
1,772 (77.1)
|
|
Asymptomatic PE/DVT
|
393 (20.2)
|
133 (37.6)
|
526 (22.9)
|
|
History of PE/DVT
|
183 (9.4)
|
98 (27.7)
|
281 (12.2)
|
|
History of risk factors for VTE[b]
|
1,320 (67.9)
|
233 (65.8)
|
1,553 (67.6)
|
|
Immobilization within 3 months
|
366 (18.8)
|
61 (17.2)
|
427 (18.6)
|
|
Surgery/injury within 3 months
|
379 (19.5)
|
64 (18.1)
|
443 (19.3)
|
|
Obesity
|
355 (18.3)
|
44 (12.4)
|
399 (17.4)
|
|
Active cancer
|
312 (16.0)
|
74 (20.9)
|
386 (16.8)
|
|
Comorbidities other than risk factors for PE/DVT
|
|
Renal disease
|
173 (8.9)
|
39 (11.0)
|
212 (9.2)
|
|
Liver disease
|
128 (6.6)
|
37 (10.5)
|
165 (7.2)
|
|
Cardiovascular disease
|
900 (46.3)
|
174 (49.2)
|
1,074 (46.7)
|
|
Hypertension
|
783 (40.3)
|
134 (37.9)
|
917 (39.9)
|
|
Atrial fibrillation
|
78 (4.0)
|
17 (4.8)
|
95 (4.1)
|
|
Lung disease
|
193 (9.9)
|
37 (10.5)
|
230 (10.0)
|
|
Diseases or conditions with high risk of bleeding[c]
|
306 (15.7)
|
63 (17.8)
|
369 (16.1)
|
|
Use of antiplatelet drugs[d]
|
154 (7.9)
|
42 (11.9)
|
196 (8.5)
|
|
Anticoagulation therapy other than rivaroxaban
|
|
Anticoagulation for the index PE/DVT (initial treatment only)
|
441 (22.7)
|
—
|
—
|
|
Anticoagulation within 3 months before the initiation of rivaroxaban (maintenance
treatment only)
|
—
|
228 (64.4)
|
—
|
|
Unfractionated heparin
|
377 (19.4)
|
97 (27.4)
|
—
|
|
Fondaparinux
|
2 (0.1)
|
0 (0.00)
|
—
|
|
Warfarin
|
44 (2.3)
|
111 (31.4)
|
—
|
|
Other
|
129 (6.6)
|
64 (18.1)
|
—
|
|
Use of inferior vena cava filter
|
116 (6.0)
|
—
|
—
|
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; PE, pulmonary embolism;
VTE, venous thromboembolism.
Data cut-off: June 2020. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or as n (%).
a BMI missing for 191 patients (163 for initial treatment and 28 for maintenance treatment).
b Risk factors reported in ≥10% of total patients are listed.
c Includes haemostasis or coagulation disorders, congenital or acquired haemorrhagic
disorders, uncontrollable severe hypertension, vascular retinopathy, active cancer,
active ulcerative gastrointestinal disorders, short days after the onset of gastrointestinal
ulcers, short days after the onset of intracranial hemorrhage, vascular abnormalities
in the spinal cord or brain, short days after cerebral spinal cord or eye surgery,
and history of bronchiectasis or pulmonary hemorrhage.
d During observational periods.
Overall, 58.2% of the XASSENT participants are female. At baseline, the mean age was
66.7 years, the mean body weight was 60.9 kg, and the mean creatinine clearance was
83.0 mL/min ([Table 3]). However, the study population encompasses patients with a wide range of characteristics,
including elderly patients, individuals with a low body weight, and patients with
renal dysfunction (as assessed by creatinine clearance) ([Table 3]). Most of the participants (67.6%) had a history of risk factors for VTE at baseline,
with active cancer reported for 386 patients (16.8%) ([Table 3]). Cardiopulmonary disease was reported as a risk factor for VTE for 140 patients
(6.1%). Half of the XASSENT population (50.4%) had a diagnosis of DVT only, with 16.9%
overall having isolated distal DVT; 41.4% had DVT with PE, and 8.2% had PE only (of
varying severity) ([Table 3]). Approximately two-thirds of the participants (68.4%) were inpatients. Most patients
(77.1%) had symptomatic VTE, but patients with asymptomatic VTE were also represented
([Table 3]).
The purpose of rivaroxaban administration was initial treatment in 1,945 patients
(84.6%) and maintenance treatment in 354 patients (15.4%) ([Table 3] and [Fig. 3]). The mean creatinine clearance was 83.8 mL/min in patients receiving rivaroxaban
as initial treatment, while it was 79.0 mL/min in those receiving rivaroxaban as maintenance
treatment ([Table 3]). Among patients in the initial treatment group, 72.9% were inpatients, 79.7% had
symptomatic VTE, and 49.0% had DVT only. Those were respectively 44.1%, 62.4%, and
58.2% among those in the maintenance treatment group ([Table 3]). In the maintenance treatment group, 7.6% of patients had DVT only with an unknown
site ([Table 3]). Obesity and a history of VTE were reported in 18.3% and 9.4% of patients in the
initial treatment group, while those were 12.4% and 27.7% in the maintenance treatment
group ([Table 3]). In the initial treatment group, 22.7% of patients received anticoagulation other
than rivaroxaban for the index PE/DVT (mainly unfractionated heparin). Inferior vena
cava filter was placed in 6.0% of patients ([Table 3]), and low proportions of patients underwent thrombolysis, thrombectomy, or catheter-assisted
thrombus removal (fragmentation or aspiration thrombectomy) (4.4%, 0.1%, and 0.8%,
respectively). In the maintenance treatment group, 64.4% of patients received unfractionated
heparin, warfarin, and other anticoagulants (except fondaparinux) in the 3 months
before the initiation of rivaroxaban ([Table 3]).
Fig. 3 Rivaroxaban doses selected for (A) initial treatment and (B) maintenance treatment
in XASSENT participants, with reasons for selecting non-recommended dose (i.e., a
dose other than the approved dose). Data are presented as n (%) or as n. VTE, venous thromboembolism. Note: The reasons for the dose selection described
by attending physicians were categorized and tabulated. Bleeding risk was a judgement
by attending physicians. Reasons for a patient who received 15 mg in the initial treatment
group are missing.
Around 80% of patients were prescribed the dose of rivaroxaban approved for the initial
or maintenance treatment of VTE in Japan ([Fig. 3]). The most common reason for selecting non-recommended dose (i.e., other than 30 mg/day
in initial treatment or 15 mg/day in maintenance treatment) was that the patient was
elderly ([Fig. 3]). Other reasons included non-severe/non-acute VTE, the presence of renal dysfunction,
bleeding risk (judged by attending physicians), low body weight, and the use of a
concomitant drug ([Fig. 3]).
Discussion
XASSENT is evaluating the safety and effectiveness of rivaroxaban in patients with
VTE in routine Japanese clinical practice. These results will provide real-world evidence
that may complement data from the phase 3 J-EINSTEIN-PE and J-EINSTEIN-DVT trials.[5] In total, 2,540 patients with a broad range of characteristics, VTE subtypes, and
comorbidities have been enrolled and will be followed for up to 2 years. XASSENT will
provide incidence data for multiple variables, with a focus on bleeding and recurrent
VTE events. The design of the study allows the collection of detailed information
related to exposure, minimizes recall bias, and provides information on the timing
of events relative to rivaroxaban administration. Exploratory subgroup analyses are
planned to provide information for patient groups of interest.
The J'xactly Study[16] is another prospective observational study conducted in 1,039 Japanese patients
with VTE who were prescribed rivaroxaban ([Table 1]). Baseline characteristics were generally comparable between the two studies, although
the J'xactly Study included higher proportions of outpatients (41.5%), patients with
DVT only (58.8%), and patients with creatinine clearance <50 mL/min (22.4%).[16] In the J'xactly Study, the incidence of recurrence or aggravation of symptomatic
VTE was 2.6% per patient-year and the incidence of International Society on Thrombosis
and Haemostasis major bleeding was 2.9% per patient-year.[16] A single-drug approach with rivaroxaban was shown to be a valuable treatment for
a wide range of patients with VTE in Japanese clinical practice.[16] However, more real-world data are required to support the single-drug approach with
rivaroxaban for Japanese patients with VTE. In the J'xactly Study, 65.6% of patients
received an initial rivaroxaban dose of 30 mg daily included in the Japanese product
label.[16] In contrast, 84.4% of XASSENT participants received an initial daily rivaroxaban
dose of 30 mg, with lower proportions receiving other doses owing to patient-related
factors (e.g., older age).
Safety and effectiveness data from patients who were not well represented in phase
3 trials or the XALIA non-interventional study of rivaroxaban, such as patients with
asymptomatic VTE ([Table 1]),[5]
[8]
[9]
[10] will help to inform unmet needs related to the management of VTE. XASSENT will provide
further evidence regarding patients with VTE in Japan, particularly for patients who
are elderly or who have a low body weight, renal dysfunction, or active cancer.[5]
[8]
[17] For example, 17% of XASSENT participants had active cancer at baseline, compared
with 6% of the rivaroxaban groups in the EINSTEIN-PE and EINSTEIN-DVT trials.[17] Patients with cancer and venous thrombosis are more likely to develop recurrent
thromboembolism (∼4 times) and major bleeding (∼2 times) during anticoagulant treatment
than those without cancer.[18]
XASSENT is one of the largest real-world observational studies of VTE treatment and
prevention in Japan. It will add to evidence from other Japanese real-world studies
of VTE management, such as the Japan VTE Treatment Registry (JAVA)[19] or COMMAND VTE Registry,[20] which mainly enrolled patients before the introduction of direct oral anticoagulants
for VTE in Japan, and the Edoxaban Treatment in routine cliNical prActice in patients
with Venous ThromboEmbolism – Japan (ETNA-VTE-Japan) study of edoxaban.[21]
Open-label, single-arm observational studies such as XASSENT have inherent limitations,
including the possibility of selection bias (e.g., arising from the investigators'
choices in routine clinical practice), confounding variables (e.g., dose of rivaroxaban
used chosen at discretion of attending physicians), loss of patients to follow-up
that may result in underestimation of incidence of clinical events evaluated by attending
physicians, and the lack of mandatory laboratory tests. Furthermore, no formal diagnosis
methods or criteria for diagnosis of VTE are specified in this study. However, the
recommendations for the diagnosis methods were provided in guidelines,[13] and the diagnosis methods used and clinical presentations (e.g., symptoms, site
of occurrence) are recorded on case report forms by attending physicians. The study
is not powered to evaluate rare events.
In conclusion, XASSENT has enrolled 2,540 patients with VTE who are being treated
with rivaroxaban and is one of the largest real-world observational studies of VTE
management in Japan. XASSENT participants have a broad range of characteristics and
comorbidities, representing real-world patients with VTE. XASSENT will provide real-world
information on the safety and effectiveness of rivaroxaban for VTE treatment in routine
Japanese care, to complement data from phase 3 trials and inform clinical practice.
