Keywords
ultrasound - methods & techniques - holography - microscope
Introduction
Holography is a current topic of research among many scientists. It has many
applications in medical physics, biophysics, physics, and cosmology and for
industrial purposes [1]
[2]
[3]
[4]. To
date, many techniques have been proposed for holography. For example, in some
optical methods, an image of a real object is taken and is presented on a slide.
Then, a light wave is emitted, and after passing through the image and slide, it is
concentrated on a screen. Consequently, a holographic image of the real object
appears [5]
[6]
[7]. In some of these optical methods, two light waves
are emitted so that one of them is scattered by a real object and the other does not
collide but rather combines with the first wave on a screen. In addition to optical
holographic methods, there are also some computer models. In these techniques,
computers analyze emitted or scattered waves from an object and make a
three-dimensional hologram of it [5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]. Finally, some
scientists are using sound or ultrasound waves for holography. In most of these
techniques, sound/ultrasound waves collide with the object and take its
shape. The reason for this is that sound waves are carried by molecular oscillations
and thus, after collision with an object, the molecules can be re-arranged and take
its shape. By using computers and spectrum analyzers, one can observe changes in the
sound/ultrasound waves and build the holographic image [10]
[11]
[12].
Holographic images could help us to consider the evolution of biological cells. When
using a two-dimensional system, approximately half of the information may be lost
because each cell or microbe has at least three dimensions. To consider a biological
process, the evolution in all dimensions needs to be observed. For this reason, a
holographic microscope is needed. In this paper, we introduce a holographic sound
microscope which is built with the help of mobile phones. In fact, we explore a way
of determining the sizes and structures of microbes and making holograms thereof
based on biological changes in exchanged waves between mobile phones. This may be
a
wonderful advancement in industry, because this model can be used to make a hologram
of not only microbes but also of any state of objects.
Hologram machine
A mobile phone includes many inductors, coils, capacitors, and wires. The main role
of these inductors is to receive and send electromagnetic waves. A sound transmitter
within a mobile phone is built from an inductor, plastic, a magnet, and related
waves. When two mobile phones are communicating with each other, electromagnetic
waves enter the inductors, oscillate and, consequently, the plastic in the sound
transmitters begins to vibrate and produces sound waves.
When two mobile phones are communicating via WhatsApp and are close to each other,
the inductors within the mobile phones get entangled and oscillate with each other
not only through WhatsApp waves but through direct electromagnetic fields. Any
change in an inductor of a mobile phone causes a change in the inductor of the other
mobile. For example, if a sound wave collides with an inductor, its effects are
transmitted via WhatsApp and direct electromagnetic waves to the inductor in the
other mobile phone. Then these sound effects return to the first inductor and this
process repeats many times. If an object is placed between the two mobile phones,
its shape has a direct effect on the shape of the sound waves. Consequently, these
waves create the shape of that object on the plastic, and the to-and-fro movement
of
the waves between the mobile phones results in many holographic images of the object
being formed on the plastic (see [Fig. 1]).
Fig. 1 Interacting mobile inductors exchange sound/ultrasound and
electromagnetic waves.
To observe the signature of the entanglement between the WhatsApp of the two mobile
phones, we can put a linear object between the two phones and connect them via
WhatsApp. If at t=1, the line is vertical, and at t=2, the line is
horizontal, one can see that at t’=t=1; 3; 5; 7;
9,…the line on the mobile screens is vertical and at
t’=t=2; 4; 6; 8,…the line is horizontal. This means
that the event of the reversing line could be repeated many times. Using the
electrons and atoms within the screens of the mobile phones, a hologram of various
states at specific points in time can be made. This property is not limited to
mobile screens but could also be seen in a sound holographic machine. This machine
is built from iron particles, sound/ultrasound producers, and a room of plastic (See
[Fig. 2]). In this holographic machine, mobile
sound waves move iron atoms and produce images. These images may correspond to an
object that interferes with the initial sound waves and produces new waves including
holographic patterns.
Fig. 2 Repeating images caused by the entanglement of two mobile
inductors.
To build a simple holographic machine, a room made of plastic should first be built.
This room should contain many light magnetic particles like light iron particles.
A
magnet on one side emits a magnetic field, and mobile inductors on the other side
emit another magnetic field which strengthens or weakens its effect. Two sound
producers connected to two mobile phones could be placed on the two other sides of
the plastic room and move its walls. A mixture of these waves causes vibrations of
the light iron particles. These particles could show patterns that may correspond
to
objects that change the initial sound waves (see [Fig.
3]).
Fig. 3 The hologram machine.
If two mobile phones are placed near each other and connected via WhatsApp, the
inductors of the two mobiles become entangled and they vibrate many times.
Eventually, the frequencies and power of the sound waves increase and tend to become
ultrasonic. These waves have a smaller wavelength and could collide with microbes.
These collisions change the shape of the ultrasonic waves. If these energetic waves
collide with the iron particles within the hologram machine, they move them and form
the pattern of the microbes. Thus, by viewing holographic images, we can consider
the evolution of real microbes (see [Fig. 3]).
Holographic ultrasound mobile microscope
Holographic ultrasound mobile microscope
To build a holographic ultrasonic microscope, we need: 1. Two mobile phones; 2. A
hologram room including plastic, a magnet, and iron particles; 3. A generator; 4.
An
amplifier; 5. A sound/ultrasonic producer; 6. Wires.
In this machine, a generator first sends a weak current towards the microbe. This
current collides with a microbe and takes its pattern. Then, this current can be
strengthened by the amplifier and received by the sound card of the mobile phone.
The mobile phone is connected to another mobile phone via WhatsApp. The second
mobile phone sends strong currents to the speakers or the sound/ultrasonic
producers. These devices produce sound/ultrasonic waves. These waves move
the iron particles and the plastic within the hologram machine and form the pattern
of the microbes (see [Fig. 4]).
Fig. 4 The holographic ultrasound mobile microscope.
In [Fig. 5], we present the background of the sound
waves of the medium before connection of the mobile phones via WhatsApp. This
picture shows that the frequency of the background waves could be near
20,000 Hz. These background waves act like noise and may destroy the
hologram.
Fig. 5 Background sound waves before connecting by WhatsApp.
In [Fig. 6], we show the sound spectrum after
connection of the mobile phones via WhatsApp. Surprisingly, most of the background
waves have been removed, and the initial frequency is very small, around
107 Hz. This frequency corresponds to the initial interaction between the
two mobile inductors.
Fig. 6 Reduction of frequency and intensity by connecting
whatsapp.
In [Fig. 7], we present the sound spectrum in the next
stages of interaction between the mobile inductors. It is clear that the sound
spectrum has significant growth from 107 Hz to 6223 Hz. This
increase in frequency continues to an intolerable level. The spectrum analyzer that
has been established on the mobile phone also terminates, and the WhatsApp
connection ends.
Fig. 7 A sudden increase in WhatsApp wave frequencies.
In [Table 1], we list the values of the sound card
currents measured by the Radio-SkyPipe software. This current has a direct
relationship with the emitted sound waves. The molecules and cells vibrate and emit
sound waves that can be detected by software. The number of waves emitted by pure
water is less than pure water+sugar because sugar causes an increase in the
number of bacteria. Chick embryonic cells also emit more sound waves compared to
pure water. Finally, blood cells contain iron atoms and hemoglobin, and they emit
more electromagnetic and sound waves. Thus, sound waves could help us in holography
and the imaging of microbes and cells.
Table 1 Sound card current measured by Radio-SkyPipe for
different objects.
|
States
|
Current (mA)
|
Temperature
|
|
Pure water
|
Twenty-five
|
Thirty-three
|
|
Leaf
|
Fifty
|
Thirty-five
|
|
Water+sugar
|
Forty-eight
|
Thirty-seven
|
|
Water+sugar+chick embryonic cell
|
Seventy-two
|
Thirty-nine
|
|
Chick embryonic blood cell
|
Ninety
|
Forty-two
|
Discussion: Why we need a holographic microscope?
Discussion: Why we need a holographic microscope?
To date, many strong microscopes, such as light microscopes or electronic ones have
been proposed. These microscopes may show most aspects of the evolution of microbes
and cells. However, most of them use a screen that only shows two-dimensional images
(see [Fig. 8]). In these images, at least half of the
information may be lost. We need a hologram machine that produces three-dimensional
and larger images of microbes and shows their structures with the larger size. This
gives scientists the opportunity to consider not only the evolution of microbes but
also the evolution of their bodies and structures. In this paper, we have proposed
a
simple model of a large piece of technology that may appear in the near future.
Fig. 8 An image of a chick embryonic cell taken by a light
microscope.
Conclusion
Holography in mobile systems can help transmit the topology of objects from one place
to another. To utilise this property, a plastic room which contains iron particles
and one or more magnets that emit magnetic fields is required. Alternatively, a
sound/ultrasonic producer can be placed on one side of the plastic room. When the
sound waves hit the plastic, causing it to vibrate, iron particles move and adopt
the shape of the sound waves. Thus, if the sound waves collide with an object and
then enter the hologram machine and plastic room, all particles move and form the
shape of the object. This property can be adapted to achieve the holographic shape
of microbes by connecting two mobile phones via WhatsApp using strong amplifiers.
